The Cost Of Winning A Senate Seat - 2329 Words

Money has always been a major part of American politics. That red, white and blue our politicians wear could easily be embroidered with that paper green that we know so well. Over the last decade the cost of winning a political election has increased dramatically. In 2002 the cost of winning a senate seat was roughly four and a half million dollars, by 2012 that figure rose to an excess of ten million (David A Graham). In a matter of 12 years spending increased by over 250%. There has never been more money circulating through our political systems then there is today – and there have never been fewer hands involved. The inequality gap is only expanding. The economic elite continue to control a larger portion of our nation’s wealth, and the average worker’s portion continues to get smaller and smaller. It has become more apparent than ever, that our political system has begun developing into a plutocracy that no longer favors the masses, but rather the 1% that h ave the necessary funds to support our elections. Inequality, a subject that usually focuses on developing countries or communistic governments, is now a topic that no longer focuses predominantly on these foreign nations; but rather one that lies here, on our own soil. The United States has one of the largest socioeconomic gaps on earth. In terms of dollars, our gap is greater than a majority of impoverished countries. In a country like Chad, someone could earn a thousand dollars a year and anotherShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Nevada Third Congressional District Election1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nevada 3rd Congressional District election is currently an open seat in the house. With having the current incumbent Jacky Rosen announcing that she would not be running for reelection in 2018. Instead she is a seeking the Senate Seat. Therefore this district, which is a typically a swing district, has a lot of rumors flying about who will run and even more about which si de will pick up the win. According to the Las Vegas Review Journal, that is definitely leaning more republican after notoriousRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1434 Words   |  6 Pagesimage. During the 2012 congressional election senators, on average, raised $10,476,451 and representative, on average, raised $1,689,580 (Costa). These numbers are the reason why congress is referred to as the millionaires club, over half of the Senate and nearly half of the House are considered millionaires (Condon). This amount is not something and average citizen would be able to come up with, so ultimately money does affect who can run for election. Over time the amount spent on electionsRead MoreChristianity And The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire1349 Words   |  6 PagesRoman territorial expansion . Meanwhile the costs of military defense and the pomp of Emperors continued. The Empire produced few exportable goods, and material innovation, whether through entrepreneurialism or technological advancement, all but ended long before the final dissolution of the Empire4. Financial needs continued to increase, but the means of meeting them steadily eroded. With the cessation of tribute from conquered territories, the full cost of their military machine had to be borneRead MorePresidential Election Vs. Election1620 Words   |  7 Pagesvote. This election is one of the most contested in this century. The same election is also an example of the United States Electoral College voting system in action. The Electoral College permits a candidate to win a presidential election without winning the popular vote. The American campaign a nd election system can be broken down into three significant parts, the nomination, the campaign, and the election. Each portion of the campaign and election system is distinct from the other, but have someRead MoreDiane Feinstein s Life For Serving The People Of California Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesremained in her position as a Mayor, a position she held until 1988. In 1992, after an unsuccessful attempt to win the California governorship, Feinstein ran in a special election for a seat in the U.S. Senate and became the first woman elected U.S. senator from California. Political History After winning a seat in the Senate in 1992, Feinstein was re-elected in 1994, 2000, 2006 and 2012 and has been a senator from California for a total of 24 years or 4 terms. As California s Senator, Dianne FeinsteinRead MoreChanging the Electoral System in Canada Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pagespresident elected by the people and he or she is the determining person of the country’s political system. In the US runs like a majority system† In Canada, however, elections are held slightly differently. Citizens vote for a Member of Parliament in a 308-seat house and candidates win not by a majority, unlike in the US, but by a plurality. This means that a candidate can actually win by simply having more votes than the other candidates. This method of representative democracy, in general, does not causeRead MoreThe Legislative Branch of the Federal Government Essay2967 Words   |  12 PagesThe Legislative Branch of the Federal Government The Legislative Brach of the federal government is made up of two Chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. These two bodies draft and pass laws that, if signed by the President of the United States, govern the United States and its citizens. The bicameral (two-house) Congress emerged from a compromise between delegates from large and small states at the Constitutional Convention, which convened in Philadelphia in 1787 to reviseRead MoreAddition, Constituents May Hold Members Accountable For1618 Words   |  7 Pagesare being reelected outside the central range 45-54.9% and 40-59.9% margins. The number of â€Å"swing† seats is in decline. This could be due to members advertising themselves to constituents better, sending out more messages, getting more credit-claiming from federal programs, or are getting better at taking positions. Tufte (1973) follows this discovery by evaluating the relationship between seats and votes. Prior to 1964, the congressional vote in House districts had a bell shape distribution.Read MoreTurning Point by Jimmy Carter1468 Words   |  6 PagesTurning Point by Jimmy Carter provides a look into his first experience with politics as he runs for the Georgia state senate in 1962. He b elieved it was possible to change the direction his home state was headed, specifically focusing on education. Instead of having a run-of-the-mill experience in democracy, he faced election corruption by those in power and legal challenges up until the moment he was finally sworn in as state senator. The Supreme Court case of Baker v. Carr established whatRead MorePolitical Analysis Of The First Congressional District Of Louisiana1280 Words   |  6 PagesLouisiana House of Representatives. In 2007, he won the election for the Louisiana Senate but did not complete the term. In 2008, Bobby Jindal, who was in the US House of Representatives at the time for the First Congressional District of Louisiana, resigned in order to become Governor of Louisiana. Then, Scalise decided to run for the vacant seat in the US House of Representatives and he won. He has held that seat since that 2008 Special Election. The incumbent is a professional politician because

A Beginners Guide to the French Revolution

Between 1789 and 1802, France was wracked by a revolution which radically changed the government, administration, military, and culture of the nation as well as plunging Europe into a series of wars. France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch through the French Revolution to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. Not only were centuries of law, tradition, and practice wiped away by a revolution few people had been able to predict going this far, but warfare spread the revolution across Europe, changing the continent permanently. Key People King Louis XVI: King of France when the revolution began in 1789, he was executed in 1792.Emmanuel Sieyà ¨s: Deputy who helped radicalize the third estate and instigated the coup which brought the consuls to power.Jean-Paul Marat: Popular journalist who advocated extreme measures against traitors and hoarders. Assassinated in 1793.Maximilien Robespierre: Lawyer who went from advocating an end to the death penalty to the architect of the Terror. Executed in 1794.Napoleon Bonaparte: French general whose rise to power brought the revolution to an end. Dates Although historians are agreed that the French Revolution started in 1789, they are divided on the end date. A few histories stop in 1795 with the creation of the Directory, some stop in 1799 with the creation of the Consulate, while many more stop in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte became Consul for Life, or 1804 when he became Emperor. A rare few continue to the restoration of the monarchy in 1814. In Brief A medium-term financial crisis, caused partly by Frances decisive involvement in the American Revolutionary War, led to the French crown first calling an Assembly of Notables and then, in 1789, a meeting called the Estates General in order to gain assent for new tax laws. The Enlightenment had affected the views of middle-class French society to the point where they demanded involvement in government and the financial crisis gave them a way in to get it. The Estates General was composed of three Estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France, but there were arguments over how fair this was: the Third Estate was far larger than the other two but only had a third of the vote. Debate ensued, with a call for the Third getting a bigger say. This Third Estate, informed by long term doubts over the constitution of France and the development of a new social order of bourgeoisie, declared itself a National Assembly and decreed the suspension of taxation, taking French sovereignty i nto its own hands. After a power struggle which saw the National Assembly take the Tennis Court Oath not to disband, the king gave in and the Assembly began reforming France, scrapping the old system and drawing up a new constitution with a Legislative Assembly. This continued the reforms but it created divisions in France by legislating against the church and declaring war on nations which supported the French king. In 1792, a second revolution  took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793, executed the king. As the Revolutionary Wars went against France, as regions angry at attacks on the church and conscription rebelled and as the revolution became increasingly radicalized, the National Convention created a Committee of Public Safety to run France in 1793. After a struggle between political factions called the Girondins and the Montagnards was won by the latter, an era of bloody measures called The Terror began, when over 16,000 people were guillotined. In 1794, the revolution again changed, this time turning against the Terror and its architect Robespierre. The Terrorists were removed in a coup and a new constitution was drawn up which created, in 1795, a new legislative system run by a Directory of five men. This remained in power thanks to rigging elections and purging the assemblies before being replaced, thanks to the army and a general called Napoleon Bonaparte, by a new constitution in 1799 which created three consuls to rule France. Bonaparte was the first consul and, while the reform of France continued, Bonaparte managed to bring the revolutionary wars to a close and have himself declared consul for life. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor of France; the revolution was over, the empire had begun. Consequences There is universal agreement that the political and administrative face of France was wholly altered: a republic based around elected—mainly bourgeois—deputies replaced a monarchy supported by nobles while the many and varied feudal systems were replaced by new, usually elected institutions which were applied universally across France. The culture was also affected, at least in the short term, with the revolution permeating every creative endeavor. However, there is still debate over whether the revolution permanently changed the social structures of France or whether they were only altered in the short term. Europe was also changed. The revolutionaries of 1792 began a war which extended through the Imperial period and forced nations to marshal their resources to a greater extent than ever before. Some areas, like Belgium and Switzerland, became client states of France with reforms similar to those of the revolution. National identities also began coalescing like never before. The many and fast developing ideologies of the revolution were also spread across Europe, helped by French being the continental elite’s dominant language. The French Revolution has often been called the start of the modern world, and while this is an exaggeration—many of the supposed revolutionary developments had precursors—it was an epochal event that permanently changed the European mindset. Patriotism, devotion to the state instead of the monarch, mass warfare, all became solidified in the modern mind.

Short Story - 811 Words

â€Å"Hello?† Harper answered. â€Å"Yes dear she will be fine with us here. Okay darling. Yes. Okay, see you tomorrow. Okay goodnight. Eva dear.† â€Å"Yes Mrs.Johnson?† I replied. â€Å"Your Mom is going to stay home for the night to make sure that the boys dont cause too much trouble. Tomorrow morning I will go and drop you off at your house.† â€Å"Okay, thank you for letting me stay here,† I replied â€Å"It is my pleasure Eva. Now you and Charlotte go run along and play while I make some dinner. Go on,† Mrs.Johnson told us as she takes out some pots and pans from the cabinets sitting above her. â€Å"Come on let’s go back to my room and then you can tell me all about that twin brother of yours,† Charlotte told me as she took my hand and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I hope we could do this again sometime. I had endless fun with Charlotte and your family yesterday evening. Thank you and see you again someday, Mrs.Joh nson,† I told her with the biggest grin on my face. â€Å"Goodbye Eva. I sure hope I get to see you again soon,† she replied as she hugged me tightly before I made my way to the front door. I pick up my bag and start the long walk down the driveway while hearing the engine of Mrs. Johnson’s running behind me. In a mere matter of minutes I finally made it to the front porch of the house with Mrs. Johnson finally leaving the driveway to head back to her own lovely home just down the road. â€Å"I have to tell you something Eva.† â€Å"What is it Emery?† I asked. â€Å"Its about Mom and Dad. When I went to bed last night they were here, but when I woke up this morning they were missing. Gone. They didnt leave a note or anything. Its like they just disappeared without a trace!† My heart started to pound. â€Å"You dont think they just disappeared right.† â€Å"No I dont Eva. I think they were taken and killed. I found this in the kitchen, † Emery said as he showed me the note that he held in his hand. My heart started to beat furiously in my throat as I was holding back tears. The note read, â€Å"Monkey see, monkey do. I have been watching you. Find the rest of the the clues to find the secret room. Hurry, the clock is ticking, you dont have much time. So run around and dont fret, in the end all will be best.Show MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In

A Way Of Talking By Patricia Grace - 1712 Words

Patricia Grace, a well-known Maori writer, wrote the story â€Å"A Way of Talking.† Grace was the first Maori woman to be published. She tends to write about the relationship between indigenous Maoris and new settlers from Europe and Australia in New Zealand. In the 19th Century, European and Australian people invaded New Zealand which was previously inhabited by Maori people. Maori culture struggles to be conserved as they make up merely eight percent of the population of New Zealand despite their original status. Grace’s stories often encompass her own traditions as a Maori woman within the struggles of preserving the Maori culture. The title of this story directs the reader’s attention to exactly what the author wants to stress. By making the title â€Å"A Way of Talking†, the reader will immediately focus on the dialect of the characters and subconsciously notice the contrast of characters’ dialects. This story is told through the first person n arrative. By keeping the narrator consistent, noting character development is easier and more apparent. The narrator, Hera, copes with internal and external conflicts that revolve around dialect. Her internal struggle stems from the external conflict caused by the characters Jane Frazer and Rose. The external conflict is when Jane Frazer makes a casually prejudiced comment and Rose confronts her. This causes Hera some anxiety as she questions whether she should have done the same, if what Rose said was rude, or if she just lost a friend.Show MoreRelatedAn Authors Life Is Reflected in Their Works816 Words   |  4 Pageswrite. Tessa Duder said that her sailing experience inspired her to write about some children sailing together in her short story Too Close to the Wind, Patricia Grace wrote Beans based on the sports she played with her relatives when she was little, and The Lumber Room reflected the revenge Saki used to play on his aunts. Tessa Duder, Patricia Grace, and Saki are ex amples of authors whose lives are reflected in their works. Let’s take Saki, for example. His mother died when he was very little. SakiRead MoreHewlett Packard Scandals Internal And External Stakeholders1997 Words   |  8 Pagesas the â€Å"HP Way† and served as a model for company culture in the emerging Silicon Valley (Packard, 2006). Over time, the HP Way became synonymous with a culture that embraced flexible work hours, creative freedom, great employee benefits, and a sense that layoffs would be used as only a ‘last resort’ (Packard, 2006). In return for this positive culture, employees gave their all to the company, even taking pay cuts to avoid layoffs, and remaining loyal when other job offers came their way (PackardRead MoreHewlett Packard Scandal s Internal And External Stakeholders Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pagesthe â€Å"HP Way† and served as a model for company culture in the emerging Silicon Valley (Packard, 2006). Over time, the HP Way became synonymous with a culture that embraced flexible work hours, creative freedom, excellent employee benefits, and a sense that layoffs would be used as only a ‘last resort’ (Packard, 2006). In return for this positive culture, employees gave their all to the company, even taking pay cuts to avoid layoffs, and remaining loyal when other job offers came their way (PackardRead MoreTools Of Research And Reflection1815 Words   |  8 Pagesto pursue not a results-oriented utopia on this side of Christ’s return, but rather to pursue endeavours that support human dignity by establishing frameworks of trustworthiness so that people can plan to deal with one another in mutually beneficial ways.† A strong church starts with a clear vision. 1. Church birthing begins with personal conviction. Recognize the need exists – Inspiration See the solution – vision Conviction that this need must be met – determination Steps taken for a solution –Read MorePublic Display of Affection in Upis9112 Words   |  37 PagesUniversity of the Philippines Integrated School Diliman, Quezon City Public Display of Affection (PDA) in UPIS Billones, Cysteine Babe Cammayo, Pristine Mae Lava, Jose Noel Palomeno, Irish Paullen Yabes, Jemima Grace 10-Lauan CA English 10 Prof. Ma. Lourdes Vargas March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Data Presentation and Analysis Chapter 5: Conclusion Appendix A: Research Proposal Appendix B:Read MoreThe Fight Against Juvenile Crime4550 Words   |  19 PagesHindery, Michael and Ann Loeb, Craig Kaplan and Anne Hess, Dal LaMagna, Elspeth Gilmore, Patricia Simpson, Darius Ross, Jessica Brackman, David A. and Ruth Levine, Karen Pittelman, Merry Tucker, Oliver Cannell, William Samuels, Steven and Mary Goldring, Mark Reed and Daria Ilunga, and Rosemary Faulkner. Complex players who support the UPK campaign are Yvette Clarke, Joe Crowley, Eliot Engel, Carolyn Maloney, Grace Meng, Jerrold Nadler, Charlie Rangel, Jose Serrano, Nydia Velazquez. Additional complexRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 PagesWhat do M.I. lesson plans look like? 3. Poll PART III – Exploration 1. How will we explore multiple intelligences theory in the classroom? 2. How do I apply multiple intelligences (M.I.) theory in my classroom? 3. What are some simple ways to get started? 4. What are some of the challenges I may face? 5. How do I assess students progress? 6. How does M.I. curriculum align with state and national standards? 7. How does technology complement the M.I. approach? 8. HowRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pages.Which of the following situations best represents group communication as defined in the textbook? a. People talking in an elevator. b. People discussing the weather at an airport. c. Fans cheering at a baseball game. d. Jury members deliberating a court case. e. A congregation listening to a sermon. Answer: d. Jury members deliberating a court case. . A group with 7 members has the potential for _______ different types of interactions. a. 9 b. 90 c. 666 d. 900 e. 966 Answer: e. 966 Read MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesfocussed on delivering rockets, they would never have reached the moon and probably had produced a great number of disasters while delivering or using those rockets. A Business Case focus, rather than only a delivery focus! (By the way off topic: this delivery approach for me also caused the current financial crisis. Only focussing on the deal, not on the long term effects.) All reasons summed up in the question above are in my view symptoms and results of the delivery-onlyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesactivities, and their development of lifelong health habits. Children who attend high-quality preschools benefit from rich opportunities to learn through play. They also benefit from curriculum that integrates all the developmental domains in a way that is developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate. Intentionally engaging children in play supports the learning and development that is described in the preschool learning foundations. In a recent report, the National Association

Marxism Different Stages of History Free Essays

string(135) " hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjugation of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves\." Dialectic Analysis The basic premise of dialectical analysis is the theory in which society is treated as a historically evolving and systemically interrelated whole, has had a profound impact on political science, economics and sociology. This dialectical method, which seeks to uncover the full context of historically specific social interactions in any given system, is used by Marx as a tool for understanding class relationships under capitalism, and as a means for altering such structures fundamentally.   Uniting theory and practice, Marx declared in his ‘Theses on Feuerbach’: The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it’[1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Marxism: Different Stages of History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dialectical materialism is essentially characterized by the belief that history is the product of class struggle and obeys the general Hegelian principle of philosophy of history that is the development of the thesis into its antithesis.[2] Basic Premise of Materialistic Theory The materialist theory of history starts from the proposition that human beings are creatures of need, and hence that the material side of human life, physical needs and economic action to satisfy them is primary and basic. Historians and social philosophers until then had focused on the actions of states and rulers only and had not considered   the importance of economic developments. According to Marx, every society is composed of certain forces of production (tools, machinery and labour to operate them) with which are associated particular social relations of production (property relations, division of labour). These together constitute the material `base’ of society, upon which arises a `superstructure’ of political and legal institutions, and ideological forms to include art, religion and philosophy. He further added:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social beings which determines their consciousness†[3]. The development of productive forces The development of the human race from crude stone tools to the bow and arrow, and the subsequent improvement from the life of hunters to the domestication of animals and primitive pasturage; the transition from stone tools to metal tools resulting in a corresponding transition to tillage and agriculture; a further improvement in metal tools, the introduction of the blacksmith’s bellows, the introduction of pottery, with a corresponding development of handicrafts, the separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the development of an independent handicraft industry and, subsequently, of manufacture; the transition from handicraft tools to machines and the transformation of handicraft and manufacture into machine industry; the transition to the machine system and the rise of modern large-scale machine industry   are all the characteristic stages of development   of the productive forces of society in the course of man’s history. This development and improvement of the instruments of production had been effected by men who were related to production, and not independently of men; and, consequently, the change and development of the instruments of production was accompanied by a change and development of men, as the most important element of the productive forces, by a change and development of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability to handle the instruments of production. In conformity with the change and development of the productive forces of society in the course of history and   men’s relations of production, their economic relations also changed and developed. Phases of Materialistic History At any given historical period the relations of production provide the social framework for economic development. The developing forces of production give rise to increasing conflict with the existing relations of production and these conflicts are reflected as class struggles. `From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution’ in which social relations and `the entire immense superstructure’ is transformed.[4]Accordingly, Marx concluded that all nations go through five economic stages: primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. Primitive Phase The basic tenet of production in the primitive phase of human history is that the means of production are community owned which is consistent with the character of the productive forces of that period. Primitive tools and weapons like stone tools and the bow and arrow had limited efficacy and lethality, a major factor which precluded the possibility of men individually combating the forces of nature and beasts of prey. In order to fulfill the routine activities like gathering fruits from the forest, catch fish or game, or to build any form of inhabitation, men were obliged to work in communities or groups to obviate the possibility of death due to starvation, or fall victims of beast of prey or be killed by rival groups. Community form of labour and work led to a community based consumption of the produced yield. At this stage the concept of individual ownership of the means of production did not yet exist, except for the personal ownership of certain implements of production which were at the same time means of defense against beasts of prey. Hence, there was neither exploitation, nor any class structure in place. Slave Phase The primitive phase was followed by the Slave Stage which is based on the theory that under this system, the slave-owner owns the means of production and the workers in the production chain. Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. In this stage, the slave owner has all the rights over the slave- whom he can sell, purchase, or kill as though he were an animal. During the slave stage, the primitive stone tools and   Ã‚  primitive husbandry have been replaced by metal tools and pasturage tillage respectively . The primitive man who till now was in the possession of the most basic tools   now possessed the means to conduct farming , handicrafts and tillage, and a division of labor between these branches of production. There appears the possibility of the exchange of products between individuals and between societies, of the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, the actual accumulation of the means of production in the hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjugation of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves. You read "Marxism: Different Stages of History" in category "Essay examples" At this stage, the common and free labor of all members of society in the production process is replaced by the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by the non-laboring slave-owners. The main aspects of this stage is the appearance of the slave owner(the prime and principal property owner), the increasing existence of the rich and poor, exploiters and exploited, people with full rights and people with no rights, and the beginning of a   fierce class struggle between them. Feudal Stage The basis of the relations of production under the feudal system is that the feudal lord owns the means of production and does not fully own the worker in production. This implies that the worker of the slave stage has progressed and he can no longer be owned, bought or sold by the slave owner. Alongside of feudal ownership there exists individual ownership by the peasant and the handicraftsman of his implements of production and his private enterprise based on his personal labor[5]. Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. Further improvements in the smelting and working of iron; the spread of the iron plow and the loom; the further development of agriculture, horticulture, viniculture and dairying; the appearance of manufactories alongside of the handicraft workshops; have all led to enhanced importance of the worker who is now a skilled artisan. The new productive forces demand that the laborer/worker/artisan shall display some kind of initiative and inclination in production and for work. The feudal lord therefore discards the slave, as a laborer who has no interest in work and is entirely without initiative, and prefers to deal with the serf (artisan), who has his own husbandry, implements of production, and a certain interest in work essential for the cultivation of the land and for the payment in kind of a part of his harvest to the feudal lord. In this stage, private ownership is further developed and the affects of exploitation is slightly mitigated. A class struggle between exploiters and exploited is the principal feature of the feudal system. Capitalist Stage The basis of the relations of production under the capitalist system is that the capitalist owns the means of production, but not the workers in production[6] – the wage laborers, whom the capitalist can neither kill nor sell because they are personally free, but who are deprived of means of production and in order not to die of hunger, are obliged to sell their labor power to the capitalist. Due to the rapid strides in the technological and the industrial aspects, there is an increased importance of the technologically intensive means of production like the factories, mills and the huge capitalist farms run on scientific lines and supplied with agricultural machinery. This rapid change in the means of production has an adverse impact on the workers. The private property of the peasants and handicraftsmen in the means of production being based on personal labor is rendered insignificant and they have to submit their labour to the owners of the means of production. The new productive forces require that the workers in production shall be better educated and more intelligent in comparison to the earlier workers, in the sense that they understand machinery and operate it properly. Therefore, the capitalists prefer to deal with wage-workers, who are free from the bonds of serfdom and who are educated enough to be able properly to operate machinery. Transition to Communism The division of society into classes gives rise to political, ethical, philosophical, and religious views of the world, views which express existing class relations and tend either to consolidate or to undermine the power and authority of the dominant class. Marx clarifies it further: â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas: i.e., the class which is the dominant material force in society is at the same time its dominant intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.†[7] However, oppressed classes, although hampered by the ideological dominance of oppressors, generate counter-ideologies to combat them. In revolutionary or pre-Revolutionary periods it even happens that certain representatives of the dominant class shift allegiance. New social relationships begin to develop within older social structures and result from contradictions and tensions within that structure at the same time as they exacerbate them. For example, new modes of production slowly emerged within late feudal society and allowed the bourgeoisie, which controlled these new modes of production, effectively to challenge the hold of the classes that had dominated the feudal order. As the bourgeois mode of production gained sufficient specific weight, it undermined the feudal relations in which it first made its appearance. â€Å"The economic structure of capitalist society has grown out of the economic structure of feudal society. The dissolution of the latter sets free the elements of the former.†[8] Similarly, the capitalist mode of production brings into being a proletarian class of factory workers. As these men acquire class consciousness, they discover their fundamental antagonism to the bourgeois class and band together to overthrow a regime to which they owe their existence. â€Å"The proletariat carries out the sentence which private property, by creating the proletariat, passes upon itself.†[9]  the process of industrialization concentrates working people in factories and cities, hence the working class develops from being an unorganized and unconscious mass through its struggle with the bourgeoisie to being an organized and conscious political force, a force which is ultimately destined to be the `gravedigger’ of capitalism and to inaugurate a new mode of production: socialism[10] Socialism The conquest of political power by the working class will lead to the creation of a socialist state in which the working class is the ruling class and which functions in the interests of the working class. In this way the `dictatorship of the proletariat’ will replace the `dictatorship of the bourgeoisie’. Its main purpose is to abolish the private ownership of the means of production, and hence the social and economic basis of class divisions. As the   material basis of class divisions is dissolved, class differences will gradually disappear, and with them the need for the state as an instrument of class rule and as a distinct coercive force. In the higher stage of full communism, the state is destined ultimately to `wither away'[11], as Engels puts it, and `the government of people will be replaced by the administration of things'[12] Conclusion During the present century, history itself seems to have provided a remarkable confirmation of the main outlines of Marx’s thought. At one stage in modern history, the prediction that capitalism is destined to be restricted to a particular and limited historical stage which will be superseded seemed to be justified by the succession of revolutions which removed a large part of the world from its grip. The collapse of the regimes of Soviet and Eastern European communism in 1989, however, has proved that Marxism is now dead and that its prediction of a historical stage beyond capitalism is an illusion. Nevertheless, it remains the most comprehensive and powerful theory for understanding and explaining the capitalist world. [1] Marx, Karl (1845) Theses on Feuerbach, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, New York: International Publishers, 1968, pp. 28–30. [2] Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, [1847a], London: Lawrence Wishart, 1955, chapter II [3] Marx, Karl A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy(1859),PP 389.                                                                            [4] Ibid 389-90 [5] G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978,pp65                        \[6] Ibid [7] Marx Karl, Selected Writings, ed. D. McLellan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977 [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10]Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto [1848], Selected Works, Volume 1, Moscow: : Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962 [11] V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution, in Selected Works in Three Volumes, Volume 2, Moscow: Progress Publishers, revised edn 1975,10-14                                                                                                                                                                                  [12] Capital, 3 Volumes [1867, 1885, 1894], London: Lawrence Wishart, 1961-71 How to cite Marxism: Different Stages of History, Essay examples

Sustainability and Leasing Decision †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability and Leasing Decision. Answer: Introduction Acquiring a commercial house for business is one of the greatest achievements a new company can ever make. Such kind of building gives the company the autonomy to perform their operations with minimal surveillance from the individuals who supposedly lease the building. The cost of acquiring new building is usually relatively large especially because it has the value of the land attached to it. This explains the reason why a new company would have to lease space at some point. Moreover, due to financial constraints, a new business can be obliged to acquire spec through leasing. However, it is important to understand the leasing procedures and all the requirements for getting into such an agreement. This is because certain legal requirements are binding to the agreement. On the other hand, understanding the project is essential before any other thing to the new company[1]. Description of Projects This being a new company, the project must be one that allows space for future expansion. This is from the basic understanding that any new projects may have some changes in future due to the changes that occur in the global market with regards to the needs of the consumers of the products. Taking the need for expansion into considerations is the first most important step to the success of the business. The space for expansion should in line with the land acquired to bridge the problem of having to improve the size of the building. On the other hand, it can be with regards to the scale of the offices to allow the use of the room by many of staff in the future. It is a fact that a company that does not think of expansion at the point of inception is as good as dead from the onset. The rule is simply for the new organization, to survive longer think big, to remain forever, and think of how best you can expand what you have at the beginning[2]. An occupation of 30 percent of the office building at the onset of the project is a good start for the company. This being a new business, there is a need for the management to raise finances every fiscal year until the time the business would be able to be stable with the flow of cash from its operations. Moreover, it is not certain whether the company would make proposed profits during the first fiscal year from its undertaking. The truth of the matter is any eventuality may arise from the firm line of operation, and this may cause severe losses that may hamper progress in the business. For this reason, therefore, the company must have a second plan on how to raise finances. With 70% un-used office, I cannot think of a better way of raising extra money apart from making use of the free space. This would form part of the smart thinking that the company management is required to have. However, the big question is, how do we make use of this space to generate funds?' One of the lucrative projects that the new company can get into to make good use of the free space is renting the space to people who need offices. Most self-proprietor operators in the entire world are need of an office space where they can have their operations[3]. While most people would be specific on the kind of the office design they want, most people would simply need a spec that is big enough to act as an office. The need for the variety of the possible tenants can be achieved by having office spaces with different outlooks. Rents paid would heavily depend on the size and prospects of the office acquired. On the contrary, the interior dcor of the rooms should be left at the mercy of the tenants since each tenant may have different taste[4]. It is not advisable to have the entire 70 percent of space used for offices only. This being a commercial building, a lot of business would be going around at any particular time. It is therefore important to incorporate other business buildings in the building as well to supply the needs of the occupants of the building. It is well understood that the ways of life of people are changing quite a lot and every business must be flexible to embrace these changes. The best thing that the company can do is not only to invest in the building but also to consider investing in the people occupying the building. The fact is that these people would need food and other basic needs at the end of the day[5]. For this reason, therefore, part of the space of the office can be utilized in installing a facility such as a restaurant. This restaurant should be owned by the company. Moreover, it should focus on providing meals that would be preferred by most people in the building such as snacks and var ious kinds of beverages. This way, the company would have the money it spends on its employee and various building maintenance retrieved back through this business. In a way, the organization would be able to create a self-sustaining business operation that would be able to survive the business industry for quite a long time. Moreover, it would be easy to cover up for the losses through the multiple operations that would be going on within the building[6]. The investments that other people would be doing within the free space in the building should be diverse. This would be achieved by allowing all manner of business to be conducted within the premises through the rented spaces. It is the mandate of the company to ensure that space has a design that can accommodate different business. Increasing the operations within the business increases the financial flows, and this makes the organization's investment such as the restaurant to make good profits. Care should, however, be taken with regards to the infiltration of the building with illegal business. Moreover, the building must meet the standard requirements of the law before it can be used for multiple operations[7]. Identification of the tenants would be a very critical step in this project. The tenants that occupy the premises must all be able to pay their rent at the end of every month duly. Therefore, tenants would be identified based on their business proposals before they can occupy commercial spaces. However, those who want to occupy the building for the office would be asked to provide an overview of the operations they would have in the office. This would help to ensure that the landlord understands all the transactions in the premise and identified tenants with a lucrative business that cannot default in rent payment[8]. Leasing Proposal The lease proposal is an important document for the acquisition of this building. The new company must ensure it is provided with a copy that is correctly filled and duly signed. This would be the only line of defense in a court of law in case any of the parties involved in the contract of getting the building breaches the agreement. With proper documentation and filling of the lease of proposal document, it becomes easy to operate within the premises. The contract proposal would be provided before the rental agreement is signed[9]. If the tenant finds the provisions in the lease proposal suitable for them, they will consent to it and request for contract agreement which would act as the binding document for the tenancy. Sample lease proposal that can be used is as seen below. This Lease Proposal document herein outlines the proposed terms for a lease of the premises described above to you, [TENANT NAME] ("Prospective Tenant"), by [LANDLORD NAME] ("Landlord"). If you are interested in proceeding, the full Lease Agreement will be prepared and submitted to you for review and signature. NOTE: The lease is not transferable to any other tenant other than the one whose name appears on the lease document. Tenancy is continual for the period agreed upon in this document and can only be terminated due to failure to pay rent. However, before quitting the premises, the tenant must provide a 30 days notice indicating the time they would leave the premises. The Landlord may, however, send the tenant away at any time in case of breach of any of the regulations of using the building[10]. Proposed usage Office spaces and commercial use Note: The building would be used for office spaces and commercial purposes. The areas for each purpose would be designated to avoid confusion and interference. Rent the monthly rent paid would be $ 100 for the office space and $ 120 for the commercial occupant. Rent would, however, increase at a rate of 5% percent upon renewal of the leased space. Security Deposit the building is under 24 hours CCTV surveillance. The entrance of the building would be heavily guarded by security officers with scanners to monitor all entrants. Inclusions the amount of rent would be inclusive of internet and telephone connectivity. Moreover, water charges would also be part of the rent paid every month. The usage of these services would monitor at the central server of the building, and one may be requested to pay extra charges in case of extreme usage of this services. The additional fee paid may not exceed half the rent paid every month. Exclusions these include electricity and cleaning operations. Every tenant would be expected to pay their electricity bills. Moreover, they should organize on regular cleaning of their work space and corridors as frequently as possible to maintain high hygienic standards at all times. Assignment or subletting the tenant has no authority to sublet or re-lease the space allocated to them to anyone. Notice to quit the promise must be provided to the landlord by the tenant before new occupant can be given the space. Other items the tenancy period must be as indicated in this lease agreement. Failure to abide by the period indicated herein, the tenant would be required to continue paying rent until the time in this agreement expires or until a new tenant is identified for the free space. Lease Agreement A formal, written lease agreement would be executed between the Parties that would become the final agreement between them. If you are interested in proceeding to finalize a formal, written Lease Agreement under the scope set out above, please contact [Insert name of contact person] at [insert daytime mobile or telephone number] OR [insert contact person's email] at your earliest possible convenience. This Lease Proposal does not constitute a contract, or an offer to contract, but rather an invitation to proceed with further actions by the Parties towards the execution of a formal agreement between the Parties. Appendices Schedules Calculations of rent paid per Square foot Calculations of rent paid per Square foot Rent for office space in this building is set at $ 10 per square foot of the leased space. Expressing this as either annual or monthly amount can be done as follows: A 2400 square foot office space is quoted as $ 10 per square foot giving; 2400 $ 10 = $ 24,000 annual rent. Monthly rent, therefore, would be; 24, 000 12 months = $ 2000 monthly rent[11]. Determination of Percentage lease It is important to determine the base rent that is needed by the company wants before having those in the commercial buildings add a percentage of their gross retail income to the base rent. This is because the business environment varies thus leading to a variant gross income every month for the occupants of the commercial buildings. Ideally, imposing a fixed price for the occupant would not be logical. Percentage added to the base amount can be calculated as indicated below. Minimum base rent + percentage over a given base amount. This is a case in which the tenant pays a minimum monthly base rent. After paying the rent, they add a percentage of their gross receipts over a certain amount. If monthly base rent is $ 2,100 and gross receipt is 4% over 55,000. Assuming an occupant gets a gross receipt of $ 80,000 in a month, rent that month would be: $ 80,000 $ 55,000 = $ 25000 $ 25000 4% = $ 1000 Rent = $ 2,100 + $ 1000 = $ 3,100 This can also be determined by using the formula of minimum base income added to the percentage of all the gross receipts. This ideally means that rents would be paid on all the gross receipt from $ 0. For example, having $ 400 base rent and 2.2% of the gross receipt. If a business person within then makes a monthly receipt of $ 80,000, his/her monthly rent would be as follow: $ 80,0000.022 = $ 1,760 $ 1,760 + $ 400 = $ 2,160 monthly rent for the commercial space. Bibliography Burton, Gregory. "The law affecting rent review determinations ; The law affecting valuation of land in Australia [Book Review]."Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar AssociationSummer 2015 (2015): 76. Duffy, Francis, Colin Cave, and John Worthington, eds.Planning office space. Elsevier, 2016. Halvitigala, Dulani, and Richard G. Reed. "Identifying adaptive strategies employed by office building investors."Property Management33, no. 5 (2015): 478-493. Harris, Rob. "The changing nature of the workplace and the future of office space."Journal of Property Investment Finance33, no. 5 (2015): 424-435. Johnson, Steven D. "Flexible cash farm lease considerations."Ag Decision Maker Newsletter13, no. 5 (2015): 4. Johnson, Steven D. "Flexible cash farm lease considerations."Ag Decision Maker Newsletter13, no. 5 (2015): 4. Matzler, Kurt, Viktoria Veider, and Wolfgang Kathan. "Adapting to the sharing economy."MIT Sloan Management Review56, no. 2 (2015): 71. Reichardt, Alexander. "Sustainability and the Leasing Decision of Office Occupiers in the US." InSustainability in Commercial Real Estate Markets, pp. 65-92. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016.