The Native Kalapuyan Indians, Migrant Men, and Migrant Women :: American History

The Willamette River Valley The Native Kalapuyan Indians, Migrant Men, and Migrant WomenIntroduction The first true white settlers of the Willamette Valley, men, women and children who make the arduous journey from Missouri to the end of the Oregon Trail, encountered little resistance from the native populations of the Valley. Disease, spread to the native tribes by transient explorers and traders, helped make possible the shutdown of the Willamette Valley by these pioneers, almost without resistance. Further, the continued wave of white settlers that poured into this fertile valley completed the collapse of the existing Indian culture. Unlike the areas that the pioneers had just travelled through (those occupied by the Rogue and Nez Perce Indian tribes) there never was a Willamette Valley Indian War. The Kalapuyans, natives of the Valley, were peaceable people who manifested a very various character from the Indians east of the Cascade Mountains.1 The attitudes of many men an d women settlers to the Willamette Valley regarding the native population are best reflected in a statement by Leslie M. Scott in The Oregonian Always it will be a cum of thanksgiving that the destruction of the Indians of the Pacific Northwest by diseases spared the pioneers the horror of a strong and cancerous foe.The combined efforts of men and women and the lack of resistance from the native peoples, resulted in the successful settlement of white Americans in the Willamette River Valley. The following essay represents a collection of association about the Willamette River Valley during the 1830s thru 1860s, with a focus on understanding the native populations, the white men who traveled to and laid claim to the Valley, and the women who supported these men passim the journey to and settlement of the Willamette River Valley.Part I Those who gave so much for so little The story of the Indians of the Willamette River ValleyThe Willamette Valley, the fertile trough of land nes tled surrounded by the Coast Ranges and Cascade Mountains of northwestern Oregon, marked the geographic end of the Oregon Trail for pioneer Americans and immigrants to the Pacific Northwest. We should not forget that this land Mackey, Harold, PhD. The Kalapuyans A source book on the Indians of the Willamette Valley, Mission Mill was also the home of a native people, the Kalapuyans, who had occupied this valley for about 10,000 years before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the early 19th century.

Affirmation :: essays research papers

Affirmation is defined as a recognition of political, personal, cultural values and identity. The Puritans, African Americans, and Native Americans affirmed their identity in compound America through oral traditions, songs, and rituals. This is the reason they are studied all over the world.The Puritans affirmed their identity through their religious beliefs, Utopian ideas and theocracy. The Puritans had a storyteller who spoke of their genealogy. Since these stories were based on the bible, most of the listeners (children) were isolated from the reality of life. They grew up with their same beliefs as their parents, grandparents, and elders. All Puritans were considered sinned because of the teachings on the bible. However, they believed in predestination (only those people, the elect by God are saved and go to Heaven) yet the other Puritans continued to value the bible and obtained good citizenship. The Puritans respected hard work and had a disbelieve of leisure, a suspicion th at the poor are shiftless which is said to have contributed to their downfall. When the Puritans pull outd Europe from its Religious persecution and came to the colonies, they dreamed of becoming a utopian decree. This society was also looked at as the city on top of the hull probably expressing the point of view the Puritans had of themselves. They used their theocracy (belief that the bible was the supreme authority) to complete their utopian society and has been debuted by historians if they achieved their dream. The Puritans did affirm their beliefs by their storytelling, by their genealogists, their theocracy, and the achievement of their utopian society.Enslaved African-Americans affirmed their identity through their developmental resistance towards slavery, sacred songs and their storytelling. Storytelling has existed in legion(predicate) cultures, but existed for different reasons than that of the Puritans. Survival skills folk wisdom and hope, were the most common reason s and were important to their everyday survival. Mr. Rabbit and Mr. Bear is one of many stories told by the griot (genealogist) which focuses on hope that the Enslaved African-Americans will one day be a trickster like Mr. Rabbit and escaped slavery like the Rabbit escaped being hung from a tree. After a long bitter life, the Enslaved African-Americans began to imagine and dream of freedom. Most slaves had learned to speak English and sang. Having been a slave herself, Harriet Tubman, helped other slaves escape by using her songs to guide them North, thus becoming the founder of the Underground railroad by her will to give and her heroism, she is unflurried remembered and her determination inspires people still today.

Analyse the case study with reference to Michael Porter’s Theory :: Business and Management Studies

Analyse the grapheme study with credit to Michael door guards Theory of Competitive proceeds and answer the following question Does America have competitive advantage in the textile and drape industry?Analyse the result study with reference to Michael Porters Theory ofCompetitive Advantage and answer the following questionDoes America have competitive advantage in the textile and garmentindustry?You answer must include the following elements1. A clear outline of Porters theory with supporting references. 20%2. An analysis of the teddy study with reference to the 4 main elements of Porters Diamond. (N.B. You will not be able to comment on company structure, as the case study does not include information on this. You should, however, refer to factor conditions, demand conditions, firm rivalry and related and supporting industries.) 40%3. An analysis of the case study with reference to Porters secondary points of chance and government actions. 20%4. Your conclusio n. 10 %The remaining 10 % will be for grammar, style, clarity, using the clear system of referencing (the Harvard System) etc.LiteratureMichael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations.Does America have competitive advantage in the textile and garmentindustry?For a pastoral to have a competitive advantage, it is necessary tounderstand Michael Porters Theory of National Competitive Advantage.Michael Porter introduced a model that allows analysing why virtuallynations are more competitive than others are, and why some industrieswithin nations are more competitive than others are, in his book TheCompetitive Advantage of Nations. This model of find factors ofnational advantage has become known as Porters Diamond. It suggeststhat the national home base of an organization plays an important rolein shaping the extent to which it is belike to achieve advantage on aglobal scale. This home base provides basic factors, which support orhinder organizations from building advantages in global competition.Porter distinguishes four determinantsFactor ConditionsThe situation in a solid ground regarding production factors, likeskilled labour, infrastructure, etc., which are relevant forcompetition in particular industries.These factors foundation be grouped into human resources (qualificationlevel, cost of labour, commitment etc.), material resources (naturalresources, vegetation, space etc.), knowledge resources, capitalresources, and infrastructure. They also include factors like qualityof research on universities, deregulation of labor markets, orliquidity of national stock markets.These national factors often provide initial advantages, which aresubsequently built upon. Each country has its own particular set offactor conditions hence, in each country will develop thoseindustries for which the particular set of factor conditions is

Information Warfare Essay -- essays research papers

As we entered the terzetto wave, we traded in our pens and notebooks, for keyboards and CPU&8217s. A aboveboard wire connected from a phoneline to a modem to your CPU, brings the whole world into your hands. And you into the worlds hand as well. Political realism is defined as doing what is necessary for survival. One must(prenominal) depend on themselves, because no one else will look out for them. Information Warfare has become a massly used tactic by individuals as well as companies looking out for their own survival, in a world of commerce, and politics. Information Warfare is an innovative and dangerous new way to disability your opponents. When one thinks of warfare the mind is usu all in ally bombarded by thoughts of M16&8217s, grenades, and hand to hand combat. In this new era of technology that we are living in warfare has come to mean so much more. Information warfare is the use of any type of information used to injure your opponent&8217s proceed and further your own . The power of Information Warfare spans a broad scope of uses, from the gathering information about companies, to personal blackmail. It&8217s used not unless by individuals against other persons, moreover companies and even the country as well. As the third wave, defined by Tofflers, becomes more widely spread across the nation and world we gouge only expect a far larger usage of such(prenominal) technological tactics, being used in the home, workplace, and even worldwide politics. Schwartau&8217s definition of Information Warfare is, &8220the use of information, and information systems as both weapons and targets in a conflict, (Schwartau 12). We are now living in a time when knowledge is power, and what is knowledge made up of? Quite simply, information. Information Warfare is not only becoming more rampantly used among people, but they are using different types as well. There are three different classifications of Information Warfare. The first one deals with personal info rmation warfare. This is inclusive with all the information that is available about an individual. Class two deals with corporate information warfare, which involves how information effects companies, businesses, and all economic interests. Of all the classes the third one has the broadest margin. The third class is global information warfare. This purpose of this class is to deal with all a... ... being able to visit such cites that would have pornography, and/or other corporeal unsuitable for youngsters. The school has installed a program so that if the kids were to access prohibited cites an automatic alarm would notify Education Queensland&8217s network administrators. By fetching control of the cites that the children can visit, the school system is helping to keep the children from visiting undesireable cites. There are programs available to those parents who feel it is necessary to monitor their childs use of the Internet. Cybersitter can be purchased for around $39.95, an d can help to regulate your web browser keeping your childs access to the world wide web restricted. There is even and pick in which incoming and outgoing e-mails for inappropriate material. While it is possible to intercept and not allow such things on the internet on the Internet such as pornography, or material containing racist or violent content, in order to really do so the entire net would have to be controlled. An important question that has to be asked is who will do the monitoring, and what will they base their criteria on.

Theories on Cell Fusion Essay -- Biology Microbiology

Theories on Cell FusionEndosymbiotic theory commonly asserts that the eukaryotic endomembranes and cytoskeleton originated and formed a type of proto-eukaryotes that started engulfing and using other prokaryotes, thus explaining the presence of bacterial elements in mitochondria. Many scientists are now contesting this idea based on new data. This new data shows that some of the machinery for transcription and translation of DNA may be from archaea, instead of the theory that most or all catching information came from an engulfed bacterial cell. In particular, it is turning out that eukaryotic nuclear genomes carry many genes of bacterial (sometimes -proteobacterial) origin which have nonhing to do with mitochondrial functions. (2) The channelise of life may not necessarily be correct when it shows Eukarya coming off either the bacterial or archaeal branch of the tree. Instead, we are proposing that new theories suggesting genomic confederation may be more accurate.The rela tionship may have started out through necessity, which lead to increased surface contact and eventual lateral gene transfer. Scientists not only have turn up that this may have happened instead of endosymbiosis, but also reasons why cell fusion may have occurred. Martin and ponderer think that the excretion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide by -proteobaceria benefited methane-producing archaeans that used hydrogen and carbon dioxide as sources of energy and carbon. In the absence of an outside source of hydrogen, the archaean (nominally the host) became dependent on the -proteobacterium (the symbiont). Selection of host genes produced tighter and tighter physical association and greater surface contact between the two. (2)Researchers recently used thirt... ...wo prokaryotes. In addition, we are not trying to determine in this short paper whether Archaea or Bacteria evolved first instead, we are simply stating that the endosymbiosis theory of Lynn Marguiles leaves far too many g aps in the foundation of eukaryotic existence for it too be widely accepted without any further examination. Works Cited(1)Complex Cells Likely Arose from Combination of Bacterial and native Microbe Genomes. NSF Press Release. 8 Sept 2004. http//www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/newsroom/(2)Doolittle, W. Ford. A Paradigm Gets Shifty. Nature. Volume 392. 5 Mar 1998.(3)Lake, James Rivera, Maria. The Ring of Life provide evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes. Nature. Volume 431. 9 Sept 2004.(4)Embley, T. Martin Martin, William. Early Evolution Comes Full Circle.

Admiral Jarok as Noble Traitor :: Star Trek Traitor Essays Papers

Admiral Jarok was a traitor, especi eithery in the eyes of his countrymen. The very principles that define the Romulans are honor and subjection and in no way can his actions be seen as loyal. Although some could argue his actions were those of a defector, his actions as Romulan official in this particular situation support him a traitor.A traitor is defined as a person who betrays his or her country, cause, friends, etc. (Webster)The true meaning of traitor is not found in this definition, but rather in the definition of the word betray. There are several meanings, but the approximately important ones are 2. to break faith with, stag to meet the hopes of and 6. to disclose ( secret information, confidential plans etc.) The Romulans are seen as moral people with very clear ideas of right and wrong (Cornelius.) For them, right means recognise and serving the Romulan people. Federation space is seen as an ominous enemy and giving helpful strategic information to them, would be considered treason. Obviously Tomalak, the Romulan leader, feels this way when he demands, with discourtesy in his voice, for Picard and crew to release traitor Jarok For Tomalak, who represents all Romulans, Jarok broke faith to his people. You see, Picard, after we dissect your Enterprise for every precious bit of information, I think of to display its broken hull in the center of the Romulan capitol as a symbol of our victory. It will inspire our armies for generations to come. And serve as a warning to both other traitor who would create ripples of disloyalty. (Tong)Jaroks actions perfectly correspond with sixth dictionary entry of betray. Even though it is assumed that the documents were a trap to catch the exhausted loyalty of Jarok, a faithful Romulan would have kept them secret, even if it jeopardized their own family. Jarok did not know the documents were false or else he would not have risked all that he did in going over to Federation Space. To the Romulans, support f or all the people came first. Jaroks actions might have seemed noble to those aboard Federation Space, but to the Romulans the most noble actions were those that were loyal to the Romulan cause.Tomalak would not have cared that Jarok did not want to go into any wars for the sake of his daughter. Tomalak wanted all members of his family to be safe, as well, but Tomalek stayed true to the Romulans, which he saw as the most important thing.

Male Infertility A Summary Health And Social Care Essay

Approximately 15 of twosomes dont win in bring forthing a gestation despite regular attempts, over the class of a year, of susceptible versed activity.1 A anthropoid physiological attitude issue is cognise in some 50 per centum of those instances and is entirely accountable in 20 per centum of all couples.2 Male sterility physiological conditions be attributed to a figure of causes together with minor factors including enkindle gland toxin favoritism disfunction, bodily debates, varicoceles, male generative secretory harmonium failure, ejaculatory upsets, and physiological conditions.3 It is critical to descry the cause ( s ) and supply disturbance ( s ) if the implicit in issue is correctable. If a selected intervention is non available the beginning of the male issue physiological spot is nt correctable, alternate picks like aid reproduction techniques ( ART ) could exist.4 The pharmaceutical chemist plays a important function in separating medications that contri bute to male physiological status, reding the twosome on curative medicines or compounds efficacious to handle physiological status, and advancing healthy life styles that minimize physiological status factors. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth a all-encompassing sum-up of the etiology, appraisal, and intervention of male physiological status.Definitions and EpidemiologyThe definition of sterility is considered by and large as the inability to recognize construct despite unmatched twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse.5 Within the USA, approximately eight million twosomes be distressed by this physiological status. For healthy im farm twosomes, the likeliness of accomplishing gestation at intervals of one twelvemonth of fertility-focused activity is 84 per centum. Despite progresss at bottom the designation and intervention of this physiological status, the successful gestation per centum persist ins constant.6 The latest rush in petitions for physiological s tatus defect services has been attributed to a bigger consciousness of intervention picks an ameliorate rate of openness and credence of the physiological status, and a tendency toward delayed sexual activity and older aged parents both of which are ensuing in extra prolificacy jobs.Male Regenerative PhysiologyThe testiss are comprised of Leydig, Sertoli, and specific root cells, that are apt for the syntheses of androgenic endocrines. The Sertoli cells line the germinal tubules within the testicles along side function of the Sertoli cells is to bring forth sex cell support, novice and sustain gametogenesis, and supply ordinance for the group of androgenic endocrine necessary for gametogenesis.7,8 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal ( HPG ) axis is theprimary generative system that regulates endocrinal and sexual perform. The nervous construction is that in the integrative centre for the deep secernment axis, where it secretes gonadotropin-releasing secernment ( GnRH ) , that re leases LH ( LH ) and gonadotrophin ( follicle-stimulating hormone ) from the ductless secretory organ. Whenthe pituitary, ICSH interacts with receptors on the Leydig s cell membrane within the testicles to compound and release androgenic follicle- exciting endocrine binds to the Sertoli cellular tissue receptors to get down and continue gametogenesis. Synthesis and gonadotrophins are regulated by system signals from the cardinal systema nervosum.7,8 Human reproduction needs fertilisationconsisting the debut of sperm-containing melteds introduced through the pistillate s vagina. Throughout this event, erectile organ hard-on and interjection are parasympathetic activities and the systema nervosum controls erectile public presentation and semen.The sperm tubules, are a tubular web wound inside the testicles and carry organic structure unstable incorporating mature sperm cell to the urethra via the ejaculatory canals and into the vagina. Periurethral musculus contractions expel the organic structure fluid out of the channel and into the productive tract.7,8EtiologyAzoospermia is outlined because the absence of sperm cell within status within the azoospermic male is sub classified as pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular.Pre-testicular common etiology than alternate causes of male physiological status, hypogonadotropic incompetency ( HH ) is caused by scarce follicle-stimulating endocrine and ICSH secretions.2 These inadequacies end in inferior steroid secernment and gametogenesis. HH will originatenon-inheritable GnRH lack, Fe overload, familial upsets, pituitary and nervous construction tumours, secernment to boot, general upsets like chronic illnesss, biological procedure lacks, and fleshiness are known as causes of HH.9Lack male generative secretory organ lack, typically stated as non-obstructive azoospermia, isapart from obstructor or HPG disfunction. This category of disfunction are often extra divided intomale generative secretory organ failu re. Non-inheritable failure will attest as abnormalcy, male generative secretory organ asepsis, abnormalcies. Non-heritable male generative secretory organ failure are frequently the present moments of injury, male generative secretory organ tortuosity, factors ( e.g. , medicines, general diseases, varicoceles ) , or surgeries that injury the bodily construction of the testes.3 Sing analysisof the overall male population near 40 per centum of bring forces cover with male physiological status have varicoceles.10Post-testicular Lack typically stated as auto-preventative azoospermia, post-testicular lack is as a military issue of either ejaculatory obstructor of gamete bringing. This type of male physiological status is a is much less common than non-obstructive azoospermia, happens in about 40 per centum of work forces showing with azoospermia.2 The obstructor will go up from either the vessel deferens, epididymis or blurt out canals and may be familial or acquired.3Idiopathic as epsis In 30 to forty per centum of all work forces in the US, the underlyingmale sterility physiological conditions at issue are frequently unknown.3 These work forces normally have nt any(prenominal) old history of inauspicious result of physical scrutiny or traditional endocrinal research lab analysis. call analysis reveals a attenuated assortment of sperm cell, motility, and tonss of unnatural sorts of gamete. These findings normally occur along and are termed oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia syndrome. disquieted male physiological status are frequently attributed to endocrine break as a topic of environmental pollution, free O groups, or familial abnormalities.3Medicines and Everyday Factors Numerous substances are pertain as set uping the cause and impact of medical specialties is troublesome as a consequence of extra unknown factors and minimum sample sizes. Medicine could take a crap an consequence on male physiological status via uninterrupted sex gland onset toxicity eff ects, fluctuation of the HPG alliance, loss of interjection, public presentation or both, and alterations in sensed or existent sex drive.11 Recreational and illicit medicine, individually of together with intoxicant, baccy, marihuana, cocaine, and pep pills are on a regular stand cited as causes of both powerlessness and sterility. There are a assortment of medical specialties known as causes of this male physiological status together with psychotherapeutics pharmacologicals such as anti-hypertensives, endocrines, psychotropics, antidepressants, and antibiotics.11,12 Androgenic endocrine replacing is a good knowna common medical etiology of male generative wellness and has a known inauspicious impact on gametogenesis. Man-made vaginal oils or other sexual lubricators are known to suppress gamete motility and lead to either transient or lasting sterility. Natural-based lubricators, oil, and vegetable oil deficiency these effects on gamete and should be advocated as alternatives. 13 A pharmaceutical chemist will advise the medicine sum-up of patients showing with male sterility male sterility physiological conditions to descry possible drug medical attention causes and graduated table back the indispensableness for them for farther or extra analysis.EvaluationThe American Urological Association ( AUA ) recommends both spouses of an ab initio sterile twosome receive showing if gestation has non occurred at intervals one twelvemonth of normal, unprotected intercourse. Earlier analysis is lower cost if a known physiological status issue exists or a male has intuitions about his birthrate probabilities.2 A old history of birthrate does non t exclude the likeliness of secondary physiological status. Work force with secondary physiological status areassessed in the same mode as work forces whom have nt initiated gestation. The feminine spouse ought to to boot bear analysis throughout as adult female s generative anatomy is both more complex and capable to greater monthly cyclic fluctuations so males. The prefatory parts for the analysis of male physiological status embody an in deepness reappraisal of patient history, physical scrutiny, a lower limit of two seeds analyses, and secernment ratings his HPG axis. The patient s past record of issues ( or environmental exposure as a beginning vector ) could find hazard factors and/or behavior forms that have an consequence on birthrate potency. Throughout the physical probe, elaborate attending is given to male secondary gender features. The prostate, scrotal constructions, and testicular constellations are appraised for markers of current or past infections, obstructors, or expansion. The usage of transrectal or external ultrasound, post-ejaculatory chemical analysis, and familial testing, that are obtained on as indicated. Semen analysis is ever warranted as the basic research lab appraisal for the analysis of faulty male physiological conditions.14 It ( laboratory analyses ) are by and large unequivocal sing seeds quality and volume, gamete concentration, motility, and syllable structure with low borders of mistake. These consequences are besides compared with mention scopes and used todetermine work forces with unnatural seeds parametric quantities whom could have the benefits of ART like in-vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) or intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) . Both of these options may include intracytoplasmic gamete snapshot ( ICSI ) . Work force with tunremarkable seeds analyses rarely are the beginning of infertility.1TreatmentSome sterile work forces can accomplish medically or surgically successful construct that is come-at-able with early intercession techniques. Treatment relies on the underlying etiology ab initio, so there needs a well-identified beginning ( s ) of the basic sterility issue for right intervention. If a treatable or correctable physiological status issue is known, it ought to be corrected with these pleasurable medical or surgical therapies. W ork force with incorrigible, untreatable, or unknown etiologies could hold success in ART. ART processs have been employed in the U.S. since the early 1980 s and have radically enhanced birthrate order. IVF / ICSI is an enhanced signifier of ART desinged to get the better of the most terrible sterile physiological status or azoospermia by shooting one gamete into the living substance of a mature egg. IVF-ICSI could be a intervention possibility for males with azoospermia, giving birth rates matching to those achieved with IVF while non those that are combined with ICSI.15 Azoospermicmale generative secretory organ gamete extraction is used to surgically recover gamete which will be working(a) for IVF-ICSI the twosome should be carefully advised on the success rates of gamete harvest home, but it is likewise successful as IVF-ICSI. The hazards related to IVF-ICSI embody sex secretory organhyper-stimulation syndrome, enlacing or more, perinatal complications, and familial disorders .16 Some twosomes opportunity ART ( an exceptionally expensive process ) while sing pre-analysis by an infertilitycondition medical specialist this is frequently unsafe because some six per centum of work forcesevaluated have a important implicit in medical condition.5,17Pretesticular Lack Hyperprolactinemia is a serious upset refering the HPA ( hypothalamic-pituitary axis ) and is often mentioned as a sensible cause for HH. Fertility is besides improved by normalising lactogenic endocrine concentrations. Many medicines including Dopastat adversaries, selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor s ( selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ) , tricyclic anti-depressants, and elevated estrogen interventions may do hyper-prolactinemia and should be ended if possible in this circumstance.18 Dopamine agonists such as cabergoline or bromocriptine are the optimum interventions selected for most patients with hyperprolactinemia.18Gonadotropins can be used in the intervention of HH wi th root causes of hypothalamic or pituitary syndromes non committed with hyper-prolactinemia. Human chorionic gonadotrophin ( human chorionic gonadotropin ) has organic actions similar to LH but has a change magnitude half life. Chiefly initiated by itself at 1,500 to 2,000 IU three times a hebdomad via intramuscular or hypodermic in the thigh or natess for 18 to 24 hebdomads. Then it is titrated at two-week meantimes to derive serum T factor concentrations between 310 and 520 ng/dL. Seminal fluid semen is appraised for spermatogenesis every two to four hebdomads. If sperm concentrations remain deficient after six to twelve months of therapy, the therapy should be supplemented with a FSH readying. Men sing human chorionic gonadotropin must be advised on the possible side effects such as gynecomastia ( hypertrophied chests ) , migraine concerns, and mastalgia ( breast hurting ) .19FSH is compounded as or recombinant human FSH ( r-hFSH ) or human menopausal gonadotrophin ( hMG ) . F ormulations of hMG contain refined, concentrated extracted parts of LH and FSH, while r-hFSH is comprised of merely FSH. hMG is the best pick overall because of comparable efficacy and markedly reduced monetary values when matched with r-hFSH. The first dose of hMG is 80 IU delivered at two twenty-four hours intervals and titrated to 160 IU. Though hMG is normally good accepted, concern, mastalgia, and injection site responses are normally described.20GnRH therapy is an off-label usage for the intervention of HH caused by hypothalamic complaints. When nominal testosterone degrees are realized, the dosage is stabilized and testicular capacity and seminal fluid analyses are made every month. Problems such as haematoma, phlebitis and infection occur in about seven per centum of patients.21 Males utilizing GnRH therapy must be instructed by their physician to critique the needle interpolation site day-to-day and unwrap to the primary physician any tenderness, swelling or unstable leak ing.Testicular Lack Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is a consequence of dysfunctional testesIt is defined by elevated gonadotrophins, lowered testosterone, oligospermia, or azoospermia. It is normally referred to as primary testicular failure. males with this status rarely win in fatherhood via intercourse due to seminiferous tubule impairment.22 Gonadotropin therapy ineffective under this circumstance, so IVF-ICSI is typically required for a positive result of fertilisation.The intervention of varicoceles remains passing controversial. There is no consensus about the value of intercessions. One gold criterion clinical test suggested that a varicocelectomy in work forces with touchable varicoceles improved seeds factors and increased the opportunities of a self-generated gestation within one twelvemonth compared with surveillance.23 The AUA recommends varicoceles fix be made available as a possible redress to any twosome seeking to accomplish gestation if the varicoceles is touchabl e, the twosome has a documented history of unproductiveness the female is fecund and the adult male has at least one untypical seminal fluid or sperm factors. IVF whether used with ICSI or non, can be considered when there is the basic ground to see handling a female sterility cause, notwithstanding the manifestation of varicoceles and suboptimal seeds values.10Post-testicular Lack Treatment picks for sterility due to clogging azoospermia take history of both IVF-ICSI and microsurgical techniques such as vasectomy reversals.24 Ejaculatory disfunction, specifically the inability to chuck out any seminal fluid, is treatable with alpha-adrenergic agonists that aid ejaculation.25 This attack can transform males with unsuccessful emanation to backward interjection and so seminal fluid is retrieved for reproduction intents.Idiopathic Sterility The medical community is divided on the proper direction of idiopathic sterility. Any figure of medical therapies remain endeavores to better ges tation rates irrespective of cogent evidence of efficaciousness. An AUA scrutiny of birthrate specializers cite clomiphene citrate human chorionic gonadotropin and anastrazole as typically prescribed medicines for idiopathic male infertility.26DrumheadInfertility affects the U.S. , with several necessitating medical intercession to recognize gestation. It s indispensable that each spouse be wholly evaluated for beginnings of the issue ( s ) in order to measureand enhance interventions and to minimise morbidity due to come-at-able implicit in medical conditions. The pharmaceutical chemists function in wellness attention, along with the primary sterility specializer, affords the opportunity to descry medicines with potentially inauspicious effects on birthrate suggest incompatible medicine, and advocate patients on the right usage of medical specialties. Recent progresss in the etiology of sterility and the function of combinative therapies in ART have improved results for steril e twosomes. However extra analysis is required to determine the full scope of unknown causes of male physiological status and to develop simpler, more levelheaded and less dearly-won interventions.

Outsiders: Gang Members

The need to belong is a fundamental need at heart all of unselfishness, and has played a key role in parliamentary procedure since the beginning of time. The novel by S. E Hinton, The Outsiders conveys this need and the yearning to feel social acceptance within us all. The Outsiders comments on this inherent part of humanity through its realistic portrayal of teenage caboodle up life, centering on the dependency of the crew members to feel a sense of inclusion and support from their gang. store The Outsiders plot line The Outsiders conveys that the need to belong is apparent within everyone through the universality of the needs and views of the gang members.This conveys that finding a place to belong, as the characters do within their own gangs, is a basic aspect of man. These concepts are explored through the archetypal structure of the gangs represented within The Outsiders that the earreach is able to relate to, with the gangs undefended hierarchy and their fierce dedica tion and dependency present between the gang members. The novel depicts Ponyboys awakening to the true similarities between the rival gangs, and that although they brand themselves as polar opposites, both gangs at the heart are the same.It is slowly revealed that both gangs exist in order to give the teenagers a place to deal with gilds expectations and to feel a sense of inclusion, needs that the whole of society can relate to. The rivalry between the gang also signifies the universality of the gangs, as it is common throughout society for groups to bond themselves through a sense of us versus them, fulfilling the need within humanity for inclusion and camaraderie. There is also a strong tribal element within the gangs, as both gangs are male centered, territorial and resort to violence.This conveys the inherent need within humanity to belong, as tribes have formed since the beginning of time as an answer to this need. The tribal nature of the gangs also conveys the gang members reliance on the gang and the support it offers them, as throughout history rejection from the tribe leads to death. The gangs instinctually resorting to violence also comments on the tribal nature of the gang, as they conform to primitive behavior of fusion against others. Hintons employment of point of view conveys to the audience Ponyboys personal opinions and discoveries about the true nature of the gangs.Through Ponyboy realizing the similarities between the gangs and questioning the violent nature of the gangs, the audience gains a greater understanding of the universality of belonging within a group and the inherent need to feel accepted within all of humanity. Although in that location is a universal element present in the gang life, there are also significant differences between the two rival gangs. These differences capture the immensity of belonging as it focuses on the greasers loyalty, love and dependency within the gang that the SOCS fagt have.The Greasers need to b elong, unlike the SOCS, stems from their alienation and animadversion from mainstream society. As the title conveys, they are outsiders, so the unity within the gang is much stronger as they have nowhere else to go. The sense of security created by the gang strengthens the relationships and loyalty between the gang members, making them more like a family then a group of friends. This is presented throughout the book, as the different greasers convey their trueness to the gang and their willingness to put themselves on the line in order to harbor a fellow gang member. When youre a gang, you stick up for the members. If you dont stick up for them, stick together, it isnt a gang anymore. Hiltons employment of vernacular language and symbolism conveys the greasers loyalty to their gang as they mark themselves apart from the rest of society through their appearance and slang. The greasers take a special pride in their long hair, a uniform for the gang of outcasts. The Outsiders conve ys that more than anything, humanity feels a need to belong, through the range of characters and their different needs and connection to their gang.Hiltons employment of characterization captures the receive behind man to belong, and what it can compel someone to do. Dally and Johnny are key examples of this, as their dependency on the gang is due to them non having a supportive family or another place to turn to. This is contrasted with the character of Darry, a more peripheral member of the gang who, due to his stable theorize and his history of athletic achievements, doesnt depend on the gang for self fulfillment and a life purpose. The Outsiders leads the audience to question the consequence of belonging through the obedience of the gang contrasted with biological bonds of family.Throughout the entire novel, Ponyboy struggles to find his place within the gang and within his family unit, as he fights with his brothers and feels alienated and unwanted. As Ponyboy tries to fin d his place within life, he turns away from his brothers and towards the support of the greaser family. Ponyboys journey is compared with Johnny, who is pushed away by his parents and looks to the greaser gang for family support and comfort. As Ponyboy gains an insight into Johnnys life he in turn learns to appreciate his brothers and the sense of belonging they offer. It aint the same thing as having your own folks trouble about you Johnny said simply. The need to belong is also explored in the Outsiders through the breaking up of the gang following the dramatic events that occur. Throughout the novel, the gang slowly collapses into a state of chaos, revealing to the audience the gang members dependency on the gang for their self identity and a causal agent for living. The gang is conveyed to have a set structure at the beginning of the novel, each member having their own role within the gang.While the three brothers are the fanny of the gang, as they offer safety and hospitalit y to the other gang members, it is Johnny who is the heart of the gang, as the gang is tied together through their need to protect and love Johnny. As the bonds between the brothers begin to crumble, the fractures of the gang become apparent. It is the death of Johnny that leads to the gang collapsing and Dallys suicide.This is conveyed through emotive language at the effect Johnnys death plays on each character, Soda looked like he was going to cry, Two-Bits eyes were closed and his teeth were clench My heart was pounding in slow thumps. Dallys suicide depicts his need of the gang, as he loses his will to live following Johnnys death and the disbanding of the gang. Ponyboy enters a state of discord following the death of his friends that eventually allows him to move onto a state of reflection and growth as he realizes the significance of his belonging within his family and the importance of caring for the needs of his family and the gang in order to build a sense of solidarity an d belonging. Insert Conclusion

Computer Games Addiction Essay

There be five aspects of inter fire dependence noned by Shaw and Black (2008) Cyber sexual addiction, cyber-relational addiction, net compulsions, information overload, and calculating machine addiction. The main subtype we will be looking at is computing machine addiction, as it is described as Many computing machines come equipped with pre-programmed feistys and plenty execute addicted to bouting them at the cost of work performance or family obligations. There is a lot of controversy over the overlap of devices in gaming, which has resulted in an ambiguous definition for computing machine granu gets and computer second addiction. For instance, a game that was made for a video game console now has an ne iirk version, a computer game has moved onto the tablet, gambling has also moved to the internet, etc. We will extend their definition to allow all computer games merrimentable on a web-enabled device that is not a video-game console, as computer games are recreat ional affectivities that are meant to be enjoyed, and outside of educational games have brusk productive value.The following are in depth examinations of computer-game addiction symptoms as studied by enquiryers as well as authoritative life-examples. Running judgementPersistence, or behavioral salience, is an activity that dominates a persons behavior to the point that self-maintenance is neglected. In 1938, Skinner created a device that allowed rats to push a pry that would release a pellet into their cage. Once the rats realized that the action of pressing the lever resulted in a reward, they continued to press the lever until exhaustion. Doing so demonstrate an aspect of operant conditioning called positive reinforcement, in which a reward stimulus will result in the continuation or increased absolute frequency of a behavior. In Loftus and Loftus (1983) study, they found similar behavior in human races, except with video arcade games such as Pac-man and Invaders.The rew ard stimulus is often a high score, accomplishing a task, or defeating a virtual enemy which causes a feeling of achievement. People would gain injuries by standing in front of a machine for hours and repeatedly moving a joystick or pushing buttons, resulting in blisters, callouses, etc. These injuries were given humorous names, such as Pac-mans shove which refers to a mild form of tendinitis. These injuries have become much varied across different platforms for gaming and computing usage. Comm however cited injuries include tired eyes, carpal bone tunnel syndrome, etc. ascribable to staring at a computer screen and repeating the same keystrokes when play.Besides repeating an action to the point of self-harm, computer game addiction is more associated with ignoring bodily needs in favor of playacting. The BBC (2005) posted an article about a man in South Korea who vie for 50 hours straight in an internet caf, and eventually collapsed from exhaustion. He died in the hospital f rom heart failure. There are several reports of gamers refusing to use the bathroom or using a bottle to release their urine, and eating little food or snacks to nourish themselves all to remain in front of the computer for a while bulkyer (Chappell et al., 2006). Many of these stories usually stem from developed countries in Asia such Running Head COMPUTER GAME ADDICTION Poon 8 as China, South Korea, and Japan where computer gaming is more accepted and popular than in the United States.For instance in South Korea, StarCraft is a popular informant sport and one needs a license in order to qualify to play as a pro-gamer. Computer Game Addiction has been acknowledge as a formal disorder in these countries, and the government has taken steps against it by creating programs and clinics to battle against it. In South Korea, after repeated incidents of self-neglect booster cable to goal, and the death of a child that was neglected by its parents, they have enacted policies to fight a gainst computer addiction(Cho, 2010).These policies include opening several counseling centers, boot camps for addicted children and teenagers during summer and winter break, and people under eighteen being prohibited from playing in internet cafes between midnight and 8 am (Bosker, 2010 Cain, 2010). China has also enacted policies that include opening treatment centers and requiring minors to use their government IDs to track and shorten usage (Sung, 2009). The government targets the young, as they are under the care of their parents and are also at risk for computer game addiction (doubting Thomas and Martin, 2010). The popularity and acceptance of computer games in developed Asia, as well as their policies against computer game addiction could be a possible future for America.Risked RelationshipsIn addiction, one whitethorn drift away or alienate ones close transaction in favor of the spirit or activity. In a two case study by Griffiths (2010), he examined two different sides of the complaisant aspects of computer gaming. The starting case featured Dave who began to play World of Warcraft for ten to fourteen hours a day after finishing his degree and before getting his first job. Although he played excessively, he was able to gain and maintain new superstars through the game, only played because he was in a situation with a lot of time, and eventually dropped out of playing when he formed new commitments in real life.In the second case, a married man with two Running Head COMPUTER GAME ADDICTION Poon 9 children named Jeremy, was interviewed. He claimed that he played in order to escape from his problems. In the midst of his addiction he played up to fourteen hours a day, began to lose his close connection with his wife, and called in sick at work in order to play more. He eventually lost his job and his wife. He has since been referred to a clinical psychologist. Although Dave played as excessively as Jeremy, he was able to stop playing and it did not ruin his life. Jeremys gaming ended up being both the solution and problem that ca utilise a vicious cycle of abuse which resulted in him losing his family and his work.It has also been reported that several parents have neglected their children in favor of computer and/or internet games. In the case of the Kims, they played a game named Prius, a fantasy, Massive Multiplayer Online Role-playing game (MMORPG). They raised a virtual child named Animus in the game, while only feeding and changing their child in between gaming sessions. The child died due to malnourishment, and they were sentenced to jail. Another parent, a single mother, played a social game named Small Worlds, and neglected her small children and two dogs. The children fed themselves from bean cans every day, and the two dogs died from malnourishment.Gamers often become too invested and immersed in their games, and as they play longer hours they begin to lose contact with their real world relationships. Although in D aves experience, in which he displayed excessive behavior, he did not display this habit-forming symptom. For some gamers, it is possible to play long hours and not be considered addicted, and in that location are varying levels of risked relationships. In young teenagers, they may simply pass up on family engagement in order to play games (Thomas & Martin, 2010). In the situations of the Kims, Jeremy, and the single mother, they all played excessively and ignored their social responsibilities.The basis of any addiction is the negative consequences that come with using a substance or doing an activity. With pathological gaming, the criteria for it includes resorting to crimes to fund ones own activity or pay off debts one has accumu of lated. However, articles in the media indicate a path that many crimes may occur either due to frustration surrounding the game, or to copycat violent acts from the game. One man in China stabbed his friend because the friend had sold a virtual swor d on eBay for money (BBC, 2005).In another case, a mother in Florida shook her 3-month baby to death for crying when she was playing Farmville (CBSNews, 2010). In the instance of grand theft auto, thither have been copycats who have set out to repeat the crimes they committed in game one group of teenagers in Garden City, New York decided to live out the popular action-adventure, crime game named grand theft auto. They committed burglary, astound some men, attempted to steal a car, and even punched a police officer in the face. Their only motivation was that they were bored (Crowley, 2008).There is a media stamp that violent games will increase a childs propensity for violence. Markey and Markey (2010) attempted to predict certain(p) personality types that would be more or less affected by violent video games. They found that those high in neuroticism and low in agreeableness and conscientiousness are susceptible to violent games, but only a few individuals truly act on these imp ulses in a manner that is noticeable. The individuals that are noted above may have had other disorders which caused them to act in this violent manner.ToleranceWeinstein (2010) conducted a study that looked at levels of Dopamine in both a control group and a group of precedent ecstasy exploiters. They allowed bothgroups to play a motorbike-riding computer game and monitored brain chemistry using single-photon emission computed before and after game play. They found that there were increased levels of dopamine in the ventral striatum, which is comparable to amounts produced by amphetamines. Former ecstasy users had little change in brain chemistry, which may be due to tolerance from previous ecstasy usage. The researcher also found that males had greater activation and functional connectivity in the meso-cortico-limbic system than in females.Weinstein (2010) suggests that gaming usage/ starve may use the same neurological reward system as substance dependence, that gender differen ces explain why there are more males playing and addicted to games, and that computer game addicted players may also show reduced dopamine levels after playing computer games due to sensitization. This study may not be very valid concerning the ex-ecstasy group, as they only recruited users and the sample size was small. Thaleman et al. (2007) confirmed these results by examining male computer players of different playing intensities, and perceive how they reacted to computer cues. Using Electroencephalography, they found that the excessive computer game players had stronger cue-reactivity to computer scenes than casual players. They also came to the conclusion that sensitization of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system caused greater computer salience in a similar manner of substance abusers to drugs.DebtIn the case of many computer games, you purchase a single game and then you delve out no more money. However, game companies have changed their model to increase profits, and now of fer money options to buy more in-game weapons or power-ups, gain advantages inside the game, or to renew a subscription to a game. In the case of buying in-game items, children who do not understand money and have access to their parents credit phone card may accidentally rack up a debt (Insley, 2010). They may not understand that money purchased for the game translates into real world money.Furthermore, internet gambling has become increasingly popular and may soon be legal (Jonsson, 2011). It is possible to bid real money and earn money, as well as lose money. The same problems of gambling addiction occur without a casino, and with the convenient use of the computer. Internet gambling may be even worse as it is a solitary activity and it is possible to play for hours or days without anyone seeing or stopping oneself. Furthermore, virtual money that has been converted from real money no longer seems like having monetary value, and thereby creating an inhibiting effect which would cause greater spending. It is harder to determine the difference between 100 dollars and a thousand dollars when it is on the screen, and there is nothing physical within ones hands.Emotional Dependence.Emotional stability is dependent on a secure attachment to a person or thing (Arntz, 2006). In Griffiths (2010), the case study of the Jeremy demonstrated one of the motives for playing computer games escape. Computer players may use computer games as a way to solve emotional problems, and to get away from reality. This may create a self-repeating cycle, as the problem is not solved and only delayed which creates more conflict for the individual and cause them to play more. Stetina et al. (2011) looked at male MMORPG game users and found that they tend to have low self-esteem that use gaming as a way to interact socially. In this manner, some or perhaps many gamers are more emotionally and socially invested in their gameplay than someone who does not need computer games to interact. In Hussain and Griffiths (2009) study, they gave an online questionnaire to online gamers of MMORPGs, and found that they displayed behavioral and psychological dependence to gaming.This attachment to computer games may negatively impact ones work. Thomas and Martin (2010) looked at Tasmanian secondary and college students and split them into groups depending on game play hours. They found that students preferred playing over spending time with friends and family and doing homework which negatively impacted their Grade Point Average. The researchers also found that the college populations used games to escape their problems or unpleasant feelings as well as to chase a higher score. Emotional dependence may be either symptomatic of addiction, or a cause of computer game addiction. Computer Game Addiction Symptoms, Treatment, & FAQsWhat is computer game addiction?Computer game addiction generally refers to an excessive, unwellnessy amount of playing computer games.Rather than engagin g in the real world, an addicted user devotes the majority of his or her time to gaming. The addicted gamer often isolates him/herself from others, ignores more important responsibilities, and is often obsessed with obtaining higher status / rankings / achievements in his/her favorite computer game.Is computer game addiction a diagnosable disorder?According to the DSM-IV (the current manual for classifying emotional, psychological, and mental disorders), no. Although there have beencalls from some mental health professionals (and parents) to recognize computer game addiction as a real disorder, it has not been granted official diagnostic status. As more research on the effects of excessive gaming is conducted, many believe that it is only a matter of time before computer game addiction is classified as a compulsive behavior similar to gambling addiction.What are the symptoms of computer game addiction?Because there is no official diagnosis of computer game addiction, there is obviou sly no universally agreed upon list of symptoms. Psychologists and other mental health professionals initially adapted the diagnostic criteria for gambling addiction and used this as a rough assessment tool for computer game addiction. This classification approach is rarely used today and for better or for worse, it is basically up to the individual researcher or clinician to define the symptoms of computer addiction. Still, there are some signs and behaviors that are almost always included in definitions of computer addiction, such asSignificant interference with school, work, or relationshipsOften avoiding other commitments in order to keep playingFrequently turning down social invitations in favor of gamingUsing most or all of ones free time for gamingRegularly playing late into the night and which results in poor sleep habitsLoss of interest in previously enjoyed activitiesRegular gaming binges of 8 hours or more nonstopWho is most at risk for computer game addiction?Although v irtually anyone who plays computer games could become addicted (see Boyfriend or Husband Addicted to scene Games?), certain groups appear to be more likely to develop unhealthy levels of play. These groups includeMalesChildren and teensPeople with other psychological difficulties (e.g., depression, low self-esteem, anxiety)Individuals with long periods of unstructured time (for example, a teen who is not involved in other activities outside of school)Those with higher levels of neurotocismChildren who are more impulsive and have weaker social skillsSee the article photograph Game Addiciton Risks Factors for more information.Why are computer games addictive?First, note that some types of computer games are clearly more addictive than others. For example, most research suggests that MMOs (like World of Warcraft) and FPS games (like Call of Duty) are more addictive than racing games and platformers. For a detailed explanation of why this is, please see Why are Video Games Addictive? In brief though, the most additive video games usually employ many well-established psychological principles to encourage longer and longer periods of play. For example, the most addictive computer gamesare based on a leveling system that requires only minimal effort to level-up in the early stageswhich slowly evolves into very long gaming sessions to reach the next stage as the game progressesare open-ended with no clearly defined endrequire cooperation with other human players to advance in the gamewhich creates a sense of obligation and dedication to ones teammateswhich translates into more and more time strengthening characters and improving skillsare based on variable-ratio or variable interval schedules of reinforcement that encourages long periods of gaming even in the absence of rewards

Copper Cycle Lab Essay

PurposeDuring this experiment, we were trying to see whether sloven, after a chain of chemical reactions, will revert keep going to its elemental form.ProcedureFirst, I put uped nitric acid with copper in a beaker, which sullen into a copper nitrate, a blue-green solution. Afterwards, I added atomic number 11 hydroxide, and my solution colored to a dark blue solution called copper hydroxide. I heated the solution to evaporate the water and I got a brownish-blackish satisfying called copper oxide. Once the solid appeared, I poured in sulfuric acid to it and I got copper sulfate, a bluish solution. The final step I took was to add the element zinc, which turned the solution from blue to clear, with a brown solid in the bottom of the beaker, copper.ObservationDuring each step, something happened. For instant, for the first step, when I added the acid to the copper, the copper disappeared and the solution turned from the clear acid color to a blue-greenish hue. In the next step, t here was another chemical reaction when I added the sodium hydroxide. The integral solution turned blue when I stirred the mixture. When the time came to evaporate the solution, the liquids disappeared, leaving behind a wet, brownish solid in the middle of the beaker. When the solid was hot, it bubbled and popped until it cooled down. When all the liquids evaporated, I scraped off the solid and put it in a separate beaker. Once I put the sulfuric acid in it, the brown solids (copper oxide) slowly dissolved and turned the acid into blue. After the acid was blue, I added the metal/grey colored zinc into the solution the solution bubbled and the zinc turned the solution clear. The zinc disappeared and in its place, copper appeared.AnalysisFor each step, there was a chemical reaction, except for the part where we evaporated the water/liquefied chemicals. For each step, I was turning the copper into a compound. When an acid was added to the copper, it turned the element into a compound. When a base was added later, it merely replaced the acid with the base.ConclusionFor this experiment, I can bring to an end that an element/ affaire can never be destroyed or created. The copper cycle is evidence for the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that an element or matter can never be created or destroyed, only changed.

Expository Essay Sara worst fear

I have many fears but my worst fear is the dark. There are many things ab bulge egress the dark that scare me. It feels manage all of sudden something is going to pop out of somewhere. What if theres a hole or something in front of me and fall. What if cant substantiate my way out and Im trapped in the dark forever. One reason that am so afraid of the dark is that sometimes I feel like something is closely to jump out somewhere. Dont know if anything is really there because I cant see.Something could be hiding behind something and I wouldnt even know. When its dark I bring down to wonder if ghosts are really real. If something were to jump out at me it could hurt me or just scare me really bad. I would want to get out of the dark alive. Another reason is that Im afraid of not knowing where I am going. I would probably fall or bump into something. I efficiency even run into something painful. If something bad happened to me wouldnt know where to get help unless someone was with me.I am also afraid that I wont be able to find my out of the darkness. I couldnt see if Im near the exit or not. Would probably go the wrong way. I definitely wouldnt want to stay in the dark forever. I would get scared just sitting there. In conclusion, I cant stay in the dark for more than 5 seconds. I start thinking about things jumping out from behind things, afraid that Ill fall or bump into something, and not be able to find my way out.

Ben and Jerry

Ben and Jerrys ice-cream smart set is well known for its sales in the USA, Europe, and Asia. They are a very well established, successful, world-wide operation. Since 2000, the company has continually improved their ice-cream brands. They sell its named ice-cream and frozen yoghurt under brand names such as dumpy Monkey and Cherry Garcia. Chunky Monkey is banana ice-cream with fudge chunks and walnuts. In 2009, Chunky Monkey was named among the top ten best ice-cream flavors in London. Philanthropy is excessively a strength of Ben and Jerrys ice-cream.The Company contributed $1,206,412 to the Ben & Jerrys Foundation in 2002, as compared to $1,178,423 in 2001. Ben and Jerrys divide the philanthropic pool of funds amidst the Foundation, Corporate Philanthropy, and employee Community Action Teams (CATs). The company sponsors many PartnerShops. Partnershops are Ben and Jerrys scoop shop outlets which are independently owned and operated by nonprofit organizations. The organizations they cooperator with, work with youth that encounter barriers to employment. They use the scoop shops as a place to carryout hands-on job training.Ben and Jerrys waive the franchise fee and win additional financial support to their partners. They have more than 750 Scoop Shops worldwide. The company is involved in global warming campaigns. Ben and Jerrys commitment is to reduce the companys vitamin C dioxide emissions by 10 percent. On many levels, their employees are directly involved to help make this commitment happen. After twenty-five old age of independent operation, Ben and Jerrys were bought out by Unilever, the Anglo-Dutch multinational consumer products firm for $325 million.Under the deal, Unilever gave Ben and Jerrys shareholders $43. 60 per share. Through it all, Ben and Jerrys were able to retain their social state stand. They were able to remain the co- primeers involved with product development. Ben and Jerrys brands complemented Unilevers ice-cream brands. In the past, Ben and Jerrys have lacked professionalism from their upper management. In 2006, the companys former CFO, Stuart Wiles, was found guilty of embezzling some $300,000 from the company during his tenure which ran from 2000 to 2004.He spent the money on car repairs, gifts, vacations, entertainment, clothing and even a $58,000 addition to his home. He was sentenced to xxvii months in prison. Also, in 2006, they had to stop using Michael Foods as their egg supplier. An animal welfare campaign pressured Ben and Jerrys to dump the egg producer accused of mistreating its chickens. An secret video, showed dead and dying chickens stuck in their cages. Ben and Jerrys bought about two million pounds of eggs per year from the supplier. Despite several corporate weaknesses, the company achieved success.In 1994, Ben and Jerrys reinvested large amounts of money into property and equipment. By purchasing the property and equipment, they increased their long-term debts by almost 45 perce nt. They also increased their marketing and marketing expenses. They thought it would be best to take out an immense amount of capital lease to automate production. They saw the need to do this so they could keep up with the intense competition. In todays health conscious society, Ben and Jerrys have put outd more fat-free and healthy alternative ice-cream and frozen yogurt products.These low-fat, no-fat products still contain the creamy richness and unbeatable quality, but only have three grams of fat per serving. Ben and Jerrys also provide allergen free regimen items, such as gluten free and peanut free. In 2008, Ben and Jerrys acquired Best Foods and Slim-fast. Slim-fast happens to be one of Unilevers top-performers allowing them to enter a new industry of heaviness loss products. In turn, Unilever can now expand into more countries like Europe, where weight loss management is taking hold. In 2009, Ben and Jerrys announced plans to introduce the countrys first HFC-free freez er.These freezers do not emit harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. Most freezers in the U. S. use hydro fluorocarbon gases to generate cooling. These HFCs have a significant downside. HFCs are among a group of refrigerants, known as F-gases, highly potent greenhouse gases. The most commonly used HFC has a global warming potential (GWP) of 3,200. This means that a ton of this gas in the atmosphere has the same global warming effect as 3,200 tons of carbon dioxide. Over time, all those leaking freezers can make a significant contribution to the problems of global warming.

Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay

I- Introduction Luxury Market has been chief(prenominal) parts of the global retail food market as well an Copernican part of the global economy. Bain & Company (2011) estimate the value of traditional sumptuousness market including devise, jewellery and Dinnerw atomic number 18 line represents approximately 150 cardinal to 200 billion in 2010 which is an dramatic increase from estimate that the global lushness market was worth or so $ 86 billion in 1990 (McKinsey & Co, 1990). Since the 1980s, the lavishness market has been growing at ten per cent per year.The increment rate of opulence is much lavishlyer than the growth rate of the global economy, which makes the extravagance industry, pertinent and important sparing constituent in the economy McKinsey (2011). Larousse (2005 p. 762) states Sophistication, which makes the splendour and comfort in the ways to live The consummation of opulence by guests is due to the pauperization to buy specific brands with qualit y convergences. The use of its convergences and consumer motivation argon the result of consumption (Ahuvia & Wong, 1998).See more how to write a good critical epitome essayUncertainties are present in the period economic climate alone Bain & Company (2011) estimates that the luxury market is going to grow in the overture years at about five to six per cent per year around the world and in Asia with more than a ten percent growth rate. As mass market manufacturing increases, companies want to increase the quality of their luxury products in order to retain their customers (Heine, 2011). A better get winding of the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury fashion brands ordain be identified and understood for the purposes of understanding the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury product industry.Kapferer, (2009) argues that without glide by off-cut precondition of luxury it is impossible to distinguish the luxury consumer or luxury brand, from others who are no n. In this thesis the origin volition start by explaining the aims and how the occasion intends to action his aims. Then a writings refreshen will be undertaken to try and determine and define what luxury is and define mingled factors, which make a product luxury. The author will also try and generate a better understanding of why are luxury products important and the distinguishable target markets who they is important for.The author will discuss the modes used to complete the study. The Author will then present heterogeneous factors, which affect the Luxury fashion brands in the economic downturn. Finally the author will provide his findings and conclude discussing the effects of the economic downturn on the luxury fashion market 1. 1 Rational The author has chosen to approach and better understand the world of luxury because of a personal interest at an academic level. In addition, the author being a student of luxury for more than 5 years want to deeper understand ho w big luxury brand adapted to the economic crisis. 1.2 Aims & Objectives The objective of this thesis is to study and probe the luxury market and the threats that surround it. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent the economic crisis affects the luxury market. The objective is to understand the casts implemented by the luxury market during this period of financial crisis. This thesis will be useful for understanding and analysing the luxury market and understand the various tools marketing used. 1. 3 Research question -Understand the luxury market and its operation. -Understanding the economic crisis on the financial market of luxury and magnitude.-Assess the extent to which marketing tools are used during the economic crisis. -Include the grandeur of consumer and luxury image in marketing. -Evaluate the various threats of the luxury market. 1. 4 Theoretical framework II- Methodology The methodology chapter will allow the researcher to understand and run along the disparate methods that displace be used to successfully complete the objectives of this research project and move towards the aim of the research. Gillham (2000) explained that some methods are more appropriate depending on the subject and objectives. It is necessary to adapt the methodology on the project.Gillham (2000) also argues that research is about creating new knowledge, in a multitude of disciplines much(prenominal) as medicine, memorial or social works, by using evidence in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The definition of methodology, according to Hart (2007, p. 28) is A system of methods and rules to accelerate the collection and analysis of data. It provides the starting aim of choosing an approach do up of theories, ideas, inventions and definitions of the offspring whence the basics of a critical activity consisting of making choices about the nature and characters of the social world (assumptions).This should non be confused with techniques of research, the application of methodology. In this section the researcher luxuriouslylights, discusses and assesses the methods used for the collection and evaluation of data. The researcher will focus on lower-ranking research for the purpose of this research the methodology will include the reasoning and justification for the choice of research design, construction method and also the sample of literature to be used to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the aims and objectives of the research. 2.1 Choice of the research design Research is defined by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 488) as the systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose. The name and address is to collect and analyse information to get a clear and open up goal. The most appropriate method for this study is secondary research. It was selected by the author with the aim of examining the luxury market and the various threats that surround it as the crisis. The goal is to achiev e a critical analysis of the current market situation for luxury brands.In addition Cottrell (2005) argues that many reliable sources are now acquirable online. Secondary research via the Internet can provide data of better quality than the result of primary research. In performing secondary research, the author has made a very wide collection of information from the literature. Reading books, newspapers and articles online, acquired a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Considered safe by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 52) and it is recommended that. They are evaluated by peers sooner publication to assess their quality and convenience. To ensure that the collection of information, theory and models necessary and relevant the author also conducted secondary research in the sources of the luxury market. The press releases and video from website much(prenominal) as Vogue, Fashion TV, Word of Fashion has allowed to deepen the knowledge. Stewart and Kami (1993) explain that the use of secondary data sources is an advantage. In addition, the authors point out that it allows the researcher to make a comparative analysis between the new collected data and previous data. 2. 2 Construction of designYou consume to maintain a critical perspective, the evaluation of the study on its own merits and in comparison with other studies on the same or similar problem. match to Saunders and al. (2003 p. 483) Saunders et al. (2003 p. 488) explains also the research The systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose The objective of the systematic collection and interpretation of information is to analyse and criticize the effects of economic crisis on the market of luxury brands. The research plan established for this research project is the collection of qualitative information in a secondary search.During the construction and implementation of secondary research, it did not just say to read the previous literature, as explained Rude stam and Newtown (2001, p. 60) Critical evaluation is an integral ships company of process research and allows the completion of the secondary research. According to Cottrell (2005) Critical thinking is a complex function of deliberation that provides the skills and attitudes. Human nature is not the same for everyone. Some plurality are suspicious and the other is in trust. But in critical thinking that is divers(prenominal). This is not a character trait but a system of methodology used to analyse.According to Stewart (1993) and Saunders (2003) that secondary research is better suited for this research. In this thesis, the researcher collected data just secondary, secondary research allows access to reliable information and theories that are related to branding. Stewart and Karmins (1993, p. 3) argues that secondary research differs from primary research so that secondary research is base on reliable as primary research based on the analysis of the author information. The dat a required for completion of the aim and objectives is readily available from various secondary research resources.Primary research could hold up helped to provide the researcher with a eldest hand insight into the industry but the lack of handiness to the discern stakeholders and also time constraints to the research made primary research not feasible. 2. 3 Scope of research The luxury market is a long market. It includes many products such as clothing, jewellery and cars And also many services such as travel and hotels. As the luxury market is the researcher will focus on a particular sector of the luxury product industry for the purposes of a targeted and viable research.This will help the researcher to face at factors affecting the specific area of luxury in detail. As Bain&Co (2010) suggest Fashion is now the luxury sector expanding. The current craze for the fashion industry propels the luxury clothing first. The researcher is studying the field of luxury clothing. For t he purposes of this research brands such as Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Dior and Chanel will be quoted at example to understand the current luxury market view. III- Literature Review A review of the literature is very important for any research and is an essential part of it (Webster and Watson, 2002).With the countenance of a literature review, the knowledge that is already prevalent on the topic in question may be determined (Hart, 1999). An incomplete comprehension the current literature might lead to misunderstandings on the subject. Hart (1999) defines a literature review that the widespread use of literature to support an approach to a topic the establishment of a methodology which can be used and the importance of new functionality that could potentially be supported by further research. It is also give tongue to to quality means the width and the appropriate depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and conciseness, analysis and efficient synthesis (Hart, 1999, p. 1).Webster and W atson (2002) define an effective review of the literature to be based on in-depth knowledge, and give us an understanding of where more research is needed. Cottrell (2005, p. 127) explains that when looking for evidence to support an argument that has been spoken on the subject in the literature should be considered, where relevant information can be build and understanding of the leading authorities on the subject.From the definitions, it is clear that it can be derived from a review of the literature effective (Levy and Ellis, 2006) 3. 1 What is luxury? 3. 1. 1 Definition Luxury brands looking to be desired and known by all, but consumed only by the happy few to keep their prestige explains Kapeferer (2002) This summarizes the overall strategy of luxury brands, however, some inconsistencies persist in the clear explanation of the definition of luxury. Gutzats (1996) expresses luxury with double-dyed(a) definition Luxury two levels of representation. The first level is important. It includes product and brand (its history, its unique expertise and talent) second level is psychological, it is performance that our social environment and our brands trance us. Luxury is a product with multiple objective characteristics that make it unique and rare, but also subjective characteristics with experience because of the importance that has consumers during the purchase process. The rarity factor of a product is essential to the concept of luxury. Explained by Dubois (2001), the prestige of a luxury brand can lose value if too many people own it.The distribution of a luxury product is very important it must(prenominal)(prenominal) be selective to maintain the scarcity of the product. save, according to Kapferer (2002), the luxury market is in perpetual change. Several factors explain why the brand luxuries change their relationship with the principle of scarcity and run low more complaisant to a wider audience. diversification of luxury brands with the creation of retch of accessories and cosmetic product for the consumer access to the general public. Partnerships with general public brands, the Masstige contraction of Mass and prestige, or prestige for the masses.Is concept allows working out of the luxury market. (Kapferer, 2009) 3. 1. 2 Relativity The vision of what is necessary and desirable is relative. It depends on the perspective and apprehension of the consumer. Depending on the consumer perception of luxury is not universal. Buttner and al (2006) argues that relativity of luxury is divided into several categories. The economic relativity, heathen, regional, temporal and situational. 1. 3. 1. 2. 1 Economic relativity Kisabaka (2001) suggests economic relativity is expressed by the difference in perception of luxury depending on the economic situation of the consumer.For example, a pair of jeans ? 70 will be considered by a category of consumer as usual piece for another it could be a luxury item. From a perspective of anothe r consumer group a pair of jeans worth ? 2000 might not be considered a luxury product. The perception of price and its relativity to luxury can be argued to be relative to the consumer. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2 Cultural relativity Kemp (1998) suggests cultural relativity can be expressed as a function of the consumer culture. Whatever the consumer culture, luxury is a product, which is not trivial and necessary in everyday life.Kemp (1998) But cultural relativity has no reference to the availability of the product but the product vision based on the culture. A product can be considered luxury or not, based on the culture. Kisabaka, (2001) argues in some cultures a product can be ordinary and undesirable era for another it will be indispensable to belong to the culture of his country. For example, alcohol can be seen as a luxury product in European countries, while in Islamic countries there will be a product that very few people consume. (Berthon and al. , 2009) However, Mortelmans (2005, p . 497) arguesEvery social group can be said to set about its own luxury Reith & Meyer (2003) suggests every culture has its symbols and social distinctions. The consumer of the same culture can be part of different socio-professional category. For example, the hip-hop culture embraces gold teeth and considers it a luxury while it might not be desirable for a different cultural group. Kemp (1998) also argues cultural values express different preferences of luxury they differ depending on age, sex, and education. It is important to differentiate the perception of luxury based on knowledge of the symbols of luxury.But also different perceptions in different cultural groups. 3. 3. 1. 2. 3 Regional relativity Reith & Meyer (2003) express regional relativity in terms of availability of the product. A product mass distribution in a country will not lay down the luxury status. However, a product, which is rare in a country, takes of value because of its rarity and exclusive distribution. For example, a blithe day at the beach can be considered as a luxury for the countries of Europe. But in the Caribbean this represents the daily weather. 4. 3. 1. 2. 4 The Temporal relativity.Matsuyama (2002) defines temporal relativity by changes in perceptions of luxury over the years. The reasons for these changes in perceptions are societal trends and the development of technology. (Schiereck & Koenigs, 2006) Technological advances for consumer products can change their perspective of luxury For example, Reith & Meyer (2003) the television was created in the 1930s when it was considered a luxury, since the progression of technology televisions are present widely in his homes which has led to a change in the perception of luxury.This product has reverse common in homes is no endless a luxury product. However Koschel (2005) argues that the process can be expressed in the opposite direction. Natural resources such as clean air, water became scarce in some countries. Kapferer (2 008) suggests temporal relativity is a specific factor of luxury because it is not stable and stabilise and could change readily. (Jackel & Kochhan, 2000) Luxury is not universal and adapts as a function of some factor. It is important for companies to understand these factors and adapt aits marketing to fix different groups to sell its products.3. 2 Luxury customer Gilles Lipovetsky (2009), philosopher suggests Do not provoke faith in a future that is mechanically better and fairer, there are still people in the hope of a better life, the feast of the senses, the beauty to take care that we leave the monotony of everyday life. Luxury is no longer the accursed share, but dreams, excellence and superlative, this human need. It can be inferred from the above statement that luxury for a consumer is an achievement of itself. A luxury consumer wants to show his riches and property, luxury goods are a reflection of the wealth.The motivation of pleasure today became the first luxury purchase motivation to its traditional buyers. (Gilles Lipovetsky, 2009) According to Okonkwo (2007) a buyer of luxury products cannot be considered as a mere client of luxury, but as an individual part of a network of the brand. It is by sharing with him the ritual and the traditions of the bard, which they have purchased, by teaching the consumer these details about the brand itself the sense of community and attachment towards a brand is built. It can be inferred that unlike mass-market brands, the luxury brand should tell a story and to give the customer want to be a part.Gilles Lipovetsky (2009) explains luxury Consumption Consuming is both a product, a legend / myth, tradition, knowledge and ritual use. 3. 2. 1 Customer behaviour Kapferer (2004) suggests that there are several categorize consumers of luxury brands into different groups. Lombard (1989) argues that customers can be secern on the basis of their purchasing power. A customer with the financial resources has the c apacity to buy products from all the different categories of luxury products (see section 3. 4. 3).These elite customers not only form the key user base of the product but also are a great advertisement for the luxury status of the product. Customers of the elite are the generators of the turnover of luxury brands. They are loyal and hold the financial resources to consume luxury goods when it desires. This type of customer only buys clothes from luxury brands. Occasional customers have the financial resources necessary to consume luxury products but are not addicted. They consume luxury when the mood or the occasion arises. They are not bend because they can change the luxury brand in the trend.(Bain&co, 2008) The low-income customers who consume when their financial situation allows them. This type of customer consumes the occasional high-priced products for exceptional period (Christmas, birthday). However this type of client is the target of entry-level luxury products. Low-inc ome customers consume perfumes and cosmetics in large quantities. This allows them to detain a part of the brand without spending an extravagant amount.According to cull (1994), three levels of luxury can be presented the unattainable luxury reserved for extremely rich people, luxury means restricted to middle class high and affordable luxury reserved for the middle class. Each level corresponds to a totally different type of marketing because the target is not the same, the brand must adapt depending on the area they choose. Consumers behaviour while buying luxury products can be affected by three different effects. (Leibenstein, 1950) 5. 3. 2. 1. 1 The Veblen Effect One can distinguish consumption to be under the Veblen effect, conspicuous consumption. Leibenstein, (1950) suggests the consumer buys the luxury product due to its high price.The work of Bourne (1957) explains the influence of peer groups on consumers in their purchases of luxury goods. Vigneron and Johnson (1999) al so argue that a positive relationship is observed between conspicuous consumption and peer groups. In addition, Bearden and Etzel (1982) also explain that to buy the product in public is a sign of Veblen because the customer wants to be seen buying a valuable product. The consumer wants to show their wealth, status and power (Veblen, 1899). The price of the products is considered important in the minds of consumers, it represents the quality.(Vigneron and Johnson, 1999) Erickson and Johansson (1995) conducted a study showing that the price can judge the quality of a luxury item. It is also agued the customer who consumes with effect Veblen is attentive to the quality of the product. 6. 3. 2. 1. 2 The effect of Snob According to Leibenstein (1950), the effect of snob is a complex concept. A consumer with the snob effect takes into enumerate the emotional and personal desires which Influences the behaviour of others is also a factor that pushes the purchase of products of luxury bran ds.For example, the launch of a new product, create exclusivity, snob effect causes the immediate purchase. Few clients have this product at the launch, the customer will feel different and above other consumer, it is preferred. A luxury item in especial(a) sale has a great value while a readily available product will be less demand and will not have a high value unusual item brings respect and prestige. (Solomon, 1994) However, after some time, the general public and the mass consumers consume the product, the snob consumers worsen the product. The unique product, popular and expensive does not stay long.Demand is growing rapidly and the product loses value. (Verhallen and Robben, 1994) 7. 3. 2. 1. 3 The Bandwagon Effect Bandwagon effect is a different concept of the two previous. In this effect, the product is consumed by the mass market, its demand in the market is important. Consumers are buying this type of product in order to have a luxury product and belong to a group. The luxury product is the similarity between the members of the group. (Leibenstein, 1950) For example, a consumer group buying the same mass-produced luxury feel they belong to the same social class.The product is generally in the current trend and at affordable price. Berry (1994) argues Bandwagon consumers buy the product to look like other consumer and access a different social class a different group. 3. 2. 2 Price McKinsey (1990) suggests that the price is the first characteristic, withheld to qualify luxury goods. It is evaluated as the touchstone most objectives and most quantifiable to measure the quality of luxury. . Dubois and Duquesne (1993) also suggest that luxury product must be at a high price to be credible it is an essential criterion for the qualification of the same as a luxury.Kapferer (2001) argues although the price is a very important criterion for the luxury product it is not the whole product. It can be found on the market for very expensive products that are not necessarily luxury items due to lack of quality and luxury marketing. The brand positioning reflects its class. In addition, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) also argue that the consumer looking for a luxury product is ready to hire the price but he also wants. Indeed, the consumer wants to own an expensive product because it provides the purchaser with recognition, which is valuable.The researched can infer that price is price is an important guideline of a luxury product. In addition, Danielle ALLERES (1997) states The fair price for a luxury product based on a perfect correlation between the level in the world of luxury, rarity and its brand reputation. According to Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie (2009) a policy of skimming or price skimming is a pricing policy, which consists of a high price (often partially disconnected from the cost) that customers can choose, the price can directly target customers.It also maintains the image of luxury brand and reputation. (Julian Levy a nd Jacques Lendrevie, 2009) also argue that luxury product cannot be sold at a discount price. It may lose its value and caused the damage to the brand. 3. 2. 3 Exclusivity Kisabaka (2001) suggests scarcity of a product is also an important part of making it luxury. A luxury consumer wants exclusivity and differentiation. For example, a customer who purchases a product from a luxury brand would expect it to be exclusive and would not like it for it to be a mass-market product.(Catry, 2003) also points out luxury brand must ensure the rarity of its products by control the production and individualization of products. 3. 4 Luxury brand A brand can be expressed as the identity of the company and the consumers it targets. The brand must represent a clear image in the minds of target consumers. (Esch, 2011) The luxury brand is associated with its flagship products and basic products on the basis of which consumers assimilate the product image. (Kapferer, 2008) For example, the little f ateful jacket from Chanel is the flagship product for years and is constantly equated with the image of Chanel.(http//thelittleblackjacket. chanel. com) Meffert and Lasslop (2003) suggest that different definitions of luxury represent the association of product characteristics and brand. A luxury brand is associated with an image that is ubiquitous in the consumers mind, which is itself associated with a luxury product high price, perfect quality esthetical, the scarcity of the product and the product exceptional characters. 3. 4. 1 birth Product/Brand A luxury brand must not only offer luxury products but also offer ranges of products more accessible products to maintain the brand status.The goal would be to reach a wider target customer. (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) For example, luxury brands such as Chanel and Dior, offer ranges available such as key rings or jewellery phone products. This allows consumers to enter and feel to be a part of brand, with an affordable price. In add ition, brands offer masstiges products this concept is the combination of a luxury brand with a current and accessible brand to the public. For example, H & M has many partnerships with luxury brands and top designer. (Kapferer, 2008) Collections are distributed in H & M stores at affordable prices to the general public.This marketing tactic provides high visibility for luxury brands to the mass market. In contrast, non-luxury brands try to portray themselves to be offering a range of products, which include a touch of luxury for another customer segment. For example, as Lufthansa airlines offer flights with luxury service at an additional cost such as offering extra-large seats, bigger entertainment systems and meals cooked to order. This demonstrates the relationship between a product and brand is important. It can also be inferred that a luxury brands have to offer luxury products to maintain its brand image.Furthermore the quality and status of a product will only remain one tha t of a luxurious item if the brand is rated as a luxury brand. 3. 4. 2 Type of luxury brand Luxury brands can be categorised using various different factors, which affect a brand. 8. 3. 4. 2. 1 Luxury brand level Esteve and Hieu-Dess (2005) argues level of brand can be differentiated on the basis of the levels of luxuries performed. It is therefore important to distinguish luxury brands based on a category. The entry-level products of entry-level correspond to the product seen above in relation brand / product.Its products are part of the range luxury brand but with affordable prices. In its entry-level, there are the masstiges and the products of luxury brands at affordable prices. Example Hugo Boss Fragrance Luxury product middle level These products are part of the luxury range, but they are not maximum level. Its products are accessible while maintaining their entities luxury. Example Marc Jacobs, Moschino. Luxury goods of high level These products represented luxury in pure sta te. These ranges of products are of high quality and high price. Example HermesProduces luxury level of the elite This product is the top of the ladder. This segment is the most luxury products. Its quality and marketing must be irreproachable, they represent the brand. To reference the type of product is Chanel, Dior. According to the relativity of luxury explained above, the established classification can be modified over time. A brand can go from middle level to level for elite customer. It may be noted its changes based on trends, seasons and different cultures. (Phan and al. ,2011) Conversely, certain brand may lose their luxury positioning if it does not fit depending on relativity.For example, Christian Lacroix, who mixed-up his rank High Fashion due to improper adaptation of its marketing and its collections. (Bain&co, 2009) 9. 3. 4. 2. 2 Luxury brand awareness The leading products and notorieties are very important in the management of the brand and in its differentiation. A luxury brand should differentiate itself from others with its marketing strategy and advertising. The knowledgeable consumer expects certain notoriety, it must be found in the marketing strategy. The luxury brand needs to focus its marketing and marketing in a niche.If a brand decides to sell luggage, clothing, jewellery and does not fit its marketing it will no longer be identified as specialize and thus not as a luxury brand. (Meffert and Lasslop 2003) sense of the brand in the minds of the public is essential. The flagship products create the brand awareness even if its products are for purchase only certain category of customer it represents the brand. Previously the author explained the importance of quality and marketing for the range of customer connoisseur but this process is also important for the client who never will buy the product.Its customers will be interested in the brand and will position as a luxury brand (Kapferer, 2009) The primary objective of the luxury br and is to become known around the world to demonstrate its performance and quality. (Phan and al, 2011) In addition, for a customer of the elite luxury product group buys a flagship product is a sign of wealth, it is important that the product meets this demand (Kapferer & Bastien, 2009). 3. 4. 3 Marketing technique If the marketing of mass consumption appeared after World War II during the post-war boom, the first luxury marketing techniques already existed in the seventeenth century.Berry (1994) The companies in the luxury sector can manage the time by recalling the history of their homes by dint of codes. For example, Chanel, two legendary fragrance N 5 first perfume by Gabrielle Chanel launched in 1921 and still one of the best global industry gross sales is the lucky number of Coco, and No. 19 is reference to the date of birth of the Creator August 19, 1883, this history is an important part of the marketing strategy of the companies these eld as they entice buyers by pre senting a history and tradition of the product.Each of the luxury goods is modernized, redesigned while respecting the history of the house, called in luxury marketing an incremental jumping technique. (Kapferer 2009) Thus, the customer discovers and buys without hesitation a new version of a mythical product that meets the codes of the house, allowing sales to continue to grow. The success of these products is only possible through the dispatch of know-how of artisans and small hands working in the workshops. Embroiderers, milliners, dressmakers, all these businesses demonstrate a thorough knowledge and quality that are transmitted in time while upgrading.This concept allows the luxury home to restart their old products maintaining the brand image. A new advertising campaign is designed and the product is restarted. During a period of crisis, this concept is used by numerous brands. (Meffert & Lasslop 2003) Luxury brands must carefully control its distribution take. (Esch 2011) the industry knows how to stage each of its products in places specific distribution channels for each target group. Thus, it is imposs.