Ethical Principles v. Ethical Rules

Productivity facts don't indicate that productivity in Japan is greater than that within the United States. In fact, labor productivity inside the United States is approximately 20 percent higher than that in Japan (with output valued in constant prices and labor input measured in hours of work). What the facts do indicate is that Japanese productivity is improving far more swiftly than is that within the United States. In this context, however, it ought to be known that, as Japanese pro ductivity started at a far lower base level in 1960 than did that during the United States, big proportionate improvements have been far simpler to gain than they had been within the United States. Getting produced this assertion, it is needed to emphasize that the Japanese productivity gains have been significant, and that, ought to existing trends continue unchanged, the Japanese labor productivity in absolute terms would equal that with the United States in approximately the year 2000.

Data pertaining to total hours provide some additional insights to the Japanese output increases. The Japanese have

3Council of Economic Advisers, 41; J. Paxton, (Ed.), The Statesman's Year Book, 1989 1990, 126th ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 763, 1411 1413.

4L. Thurow, "America, Europe, and Japan: A Time to Dis mantle the Globe Economy," The Economist, 9 November 1985, 14.

recorded essential increases in total hours worked, a

 

Cox, A. The Cox Report on a American Corporation. New York: Delacorte Press, 1982.

making has been implemented, however, it's often more of the procedure of senior managers informing subordinate managers on the desired decision, and, in turn, obtaining concurrences without necessarily developing a consensus.6 Most American managers, in those instances exactly where the collective decision making technique has been adopted, have not demonstrated a willingness to take the time required to develop consensus; most senior managers have not demonstrated a willingness to compromise with subordinate managers on decisions; and most subordinate managers have not demonstrated a willingness to challenge their organizational superiors on decisions.7

s well as increases within the productivity of individuals hours. The combin ation on the a couple of causes has had very positive impacts on total output. By contrast, total hours of input within the United States decreased significantly subsequent to 1979. This phenomenon is simply stated within the recession years of 1982 and 1983. It is not easily said within the recovery many years mainly because that time. America's lower output per hour gains (com pared to those of Japan) and its reduction in input hours (while Japan's have been increasing) enabled Japan to narrow much the output gap among the a couple of countries.

Robinson, R. D. Industrial Productivity and also the Japanese Exper ience. Hanover, Massachusetts: USFI Reports, 1982.

The Conference Board. International Economic Scorecard, September 1989, A single 12.

Compensation per hour data indicate that, mainly because 1977, com pensation levels during the United States have increased far more rapidly than have those in Japan. Although there might exist numerous valid sociological justifications for your larger American increases, they on the other hand have had a moderating effect on American labor productivity. Similarly, unit labor cost details indicate that labor prices elevated additional rapidly inside United States

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