Aggression & Nature/Innate Factors

There is no simple or single entity which we batch holler incursion (Stainton Rogers et al. 1995, p. 169). What does this statement mean and what ar the implications for Psychological theories which attempt to pardon pugnacity?Aggression is part of every psyches soulality. For each individual at some point of our lives, we tend to be aggressive towards a nonher person or towards the situation. There is no simple or single entity which we dissolve call incursion (Stainton Rogers et al. 1995, p. 169). There are several psychological theories which explains aggression these tail assembly be a result of nature, environmental meanss and social factors.character/Innate FactorsSigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. In his early scheme, Freud asserts that man airs are prompt by sexual and instinctive drives known as the libido, which is energy derived from the Eros, or life instinct .Thus, the repression of such libidinal urges is displayed as aggression (Alexandra K . Smith, 1999 http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Smith.html) In the Oedipus complex, a boy is fixated on his mother and competes with his father for maternal attention.The opposite, the liking of a girl to her father and rivalry with her mother, is sometimes called the Electra complex. (changingminds.org)Freud came to the conclusion that human race have not mavin but two primary instincts. He called the life-favoring instinct Eros, one of the classical words for love, and the death instinct Thanatos, the Greek word for death. (Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York Norton, 1960).Another possibility about aggression is Konrad Lorenzs instinctual aggression.Lorenz examined herring gulls and other territorial birds. They defend their territory( their food & breeding source ) by aggression using fixed action patterns, elicited by undertake stimuli.The build up of internal forces did not seem to play a procedure in the theory. Aggression is an instinct, serving terr itoriality, elicited by biologically relevant signs, is automatic, and difficult to inhibit out with certain biologically found sign inhibitors (www.psy.gla.ac.uk, p. 2).Environmental FactorsIdentification with the aggressor which is defined as version of introjection that focuses on the adoption, not of general or positive traits, but of negative or feared traits. If you are afraid of someone, you passelnister partially conquer that fear by becoming to a greater extent like them (Dr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html). To cite an example is the Stockholm Syndrome.A cleaning lady named Patty Hearst was capture by a small group of egotism -proclaimed revolutionaries called the Symbionese Liberation Army. She was kept in closets, mistreated and even raped. Yet she unflinching to join her captors , making little propaganda videos for them and even waving a weapon gun around during a bank robbery.When she was later tried, psychologists intemperately suggested she was a victim, not a criminal. She was nevertheless convicted of bank robbery and sentenced to 7 days in prison. Her sentence was commuted by President Carter after 2 days ( (Dr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html).Citing this example we advise relate that aggression is caused by the environmental factor that the aggressor created.The most well known drive theory of aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by a group of researchers at Yale led by John Dollard. He and his colleagues define frustration as an interference with the accompaniment of an instigated goal- reception at its proper time in the behavioral sequence.(Dollard, et. al. 1939, p.7)In this theory, frustration and aggression are linked in a cause and effect relationship. foiling is the cause of aggression and aggression is the result of frustration.( Alexandra K. Smith,1999). The prison cell riding horse can be an example of this theory since inmates who are extremely thwarted can be more aggressive or commit more crimes. favorable FactorsSocial culture theory focuses on the acquire that occurs inside a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as noteal learning, imitation, and copy. Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory (Ormrod, J.E. (1999).General principles of social learning theory follows1. People can learn by observing the behavior is of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.2. training can occur without a change in behavior. Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior, in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not of necessity be shown in their performance. nurture may or may not result in a behavior change.3. Cognition plays a eccentric in learning. Over the last 30 years social learning theory has beco me increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning. Awareness and expectations of future documentations or punishments can have a study effect on the behaviors that people exhibit4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition mingled with behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories.(Ormrod, J.E. (1999).The conclusion of this school of mind on aggression has been summed up Human aggression is a knowledgeable conduct that, like other forms of social behavior, is under stimulus, reinforcement, and cognitive control. Bandura, Albert. The Social Learning Theory of Aggression. In R. A. Falk and S. S. Kim, (Eds.), The War System An interdisciplinary Approach. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1980, p.146. How the environment reinforces and punishes simulateingPeople are often built for modeling the behavior of others. Bandura suggested that the environment also reinforces modeling. This is in several possible ship canal1. The percipi ent is reinforced by the model. For example a school-age child who changes fit to fit in with a certain group of students has a strong likelihood of being accepted and thus reinforced by that group.2. The observer is reinforced by a third person. The observer might be modeling the actions of someone else, for example, an outstanding class leader or student. The instructor notices this and compliments and praises the observer for modeling such behavior thus reinforcing that behavior.3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences. Many behaviors that we learn from others produce satisfying or reinforcing results. For example, a student in my multimedia class could observe how the spare work a classmate does is fun. This student in turn would do the resembling extra work and also receive enjoyment.4. Consequences of the models behavior fall upon the observers behavior vicariously. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. This is where in the model is reinforce d for a response and then the observer shows an increase in that same response.Bandura illustrated this by having students watch a film of a model impinging a inflated clown dolly. One group of children saw the model being praised for such action. Without being reinforced, the group of children began to also hit the doll .Contemporary social learning perspective of reinforcement and punishment1. Contemporary theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects on learning. They are not the sole or main cause.2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that has been learned.3. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive processes that promote learning. Therefore attention pays a critical role in learning. And attention is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement. An example would be, where the teacher tells a group of students that what they leave behind study next is not on the test. Stude nts will not pay attention, because they do not expect to know the education for a test.Cognitive factors in social learningSocial learning theory has cognitive factors as well as behaviorist factors (actually operant factors).1. Learning without performance Bandura makes a distinction between learning through observation and the actual imitation of what has been learned.2.Cognitive processing during learning Social learning theorists address that attention is a critical factor in learning.3. Expectations As a result of being reinforced, people form expectations about the consequences that future behaviors are likely to bring. They expect certain behaviors to bring reinforcements and others to bring punishment. The learner need to be aware however, of the response reinforcements and response punishment. Reinforcement increases a response only when the learner is aware of that connection.4. Reciprocal causation Bandura proposed that behavior can influence both the environment and the person. In fact each of these one-third variables, the person, the behavior, and the environment can have an influence on each other.5. mildew There are different types of models. There is the live model, and actual person demonstrating the behavior. There can also be a symbolic model, which can be a person or action portrayed in some other medium, , such as television, videotape, computer programs. Ormrod, J.E. (1999).Given the three concepts on how aggression can be associated with, I have considered that we cannot conclude that one factor is the strongest among the three. Our lives are interrelated one way or another, our unlearned drives, environment, and social learning can be associated on how we respond to situations that can unleash aggression.ReferencesBooksBeyond the Pleasure Principle. New York Norton, 1960.Ormrod, J.E. ,1999.R. A. Falk and S. S. Kim, (Eds.), The War System An Interdisciplinary Approach. Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1980, p.146.Stainton Rogers et al . 1995 p. 169Journal ArticlesDr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.htmlAlexandra K. Smith, 1999 http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Smith.html