The Rise of Gated Communities in the U.S.

293); property is one among some objects of the perpetual "state of war" that would exist were the state non present to prevent wholesale slaughter (Hobbes, 1992, p. 238); or, as in the case of Marx, property is analyzed as the reason that inactive polished partnership is both ir sharp-witted and unjust (Marx, 1992, p. 472).

Whether at the affluent or impoverished end of the spectrum, individuals and groups within the setting of these theories have been tradition every(prenominal)y meant to define themselves in society in the first place by reason of their connection to social structures and institutions. The tear down is that in Western conceptions of civil communities, the individual's social role is inevitably outlined as a greater or lesser direct on the benefits, resources, and protections of existence institutions and greater or lesser select to compete for those benefits, resources, and protection. But in recent years, such assumptions slightly the structure of civil society have been called into question. Lasch says that that civil society as conceived by traditional political liberalism, based on [Locke's] vision of individual reason aggregated as rational community, has declined "in a world in which there be no values except those of the market" (Lasch, 1995, p. 60). To counter unstoppable market values, liberals "turned to the state." But as state programs failed, owe partly to

Marx, K. (1992). The German political orientation [excerpt]. Political Theory: Classic Writings, Contemporary Views. Joseph Losco and Leonard Williams (Eds.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 465-74.

correct though the physical and social construction of gated communities may be shaped differently, the ultimate image is of polarization, not blur. As a practical matter, this means restricting racial and class advance to what would otherwise be public space (streets, cat valiums, and so on) bit failing to address social injustices that might be the sink cause of "tension in the city between the offstage and public realm" (NPR, 1995, p. 250).

Kerber, L. K. (1997, December). The meanings of citizenship. Journal of American History, 84, 833-854.

Species of gated communities that straddle all three kinds include communities that are "actively imagineered on the fanny of nostalgia and social amnesia as a means of firmness of purpose postindustrial urban problems," says Archer (1997, p. 335). In such communities, identifying public and private space ratios is entirely unambiguous from one point of view and highly paradoxical from another. Archer cites Celebration City, just Orlando, Fla., location of Disney World, which is associated in popular imagination with small-town America of gone(p) years. Archer sees evidence that the idea of Celebration City is influencing equal developments around Orlando. But as Stark points out, Celebration's town house is not really a public building. It is located in a "private community, with no intention of incorporating as a municipality" (Stark, 1998, p. 61). Archer characterizes Celebration as a theme park without the park, a "controlled [hence false] urban reality":

Etzioni cites such challenges to traditional conceptions of civil society as the "cult" of criminal rights following the Miranda decision, or alternatively, what some would call reactionary attempts to abolish Miranda and constitutional guarantees for the charge altogether (1995, p. 4). For its pa
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